Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House - 1302 Words

A Doll s House by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen is a play about the story of Nora Helmer, a childish woman who once borrowed money from a worker named Krogstad for the sole purpose of saving the life of her husband, Torvald Helmer. Her husband treated her like a child throughout their entire marriage due to his gender superiority and due to this treatment she leaves him at the end of the play. Most people view Nora Helmer as a feminist heroine due to her ability to stand up and break free from the oppression that was brought upon her by her marriage. However, the playwright Henrik Ibsen, shut down this idea and claimed that the play was written from more of a humanist perspective. Despite Ibsen s words, even though the themes of feminism and human rights are both present, one of them is dominant over the other. Looking at the historical background and context Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House, the actual meaning of feminism, and the message conveyed through Nora s character, it is ev ident that feminism plays a much greater role in the play than humanism. Humanism is defined as the system of thought that focuses on humans and their values, capacities and worth (Humanism). Feminism is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of legal, social, political, and economic equality to men (Feminist). In reference to the two definitions, A Doll s House is more driven towards feminism because of the social and economic state of women that were shown in the play, whichShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Vict orian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†

Role and Influence of Religion on Conflicts - 1208 Words

There are different views on the role and influence of religion on conflicts. Rabkin states that religion is not a primary source of conflicts and violent strife. According to him, most often than not, religion is used only to legitimize, but not motivate conflicts. However, Jonathan Fox states that religion is one of the motivators of terrorism. The impact of religion on conflicts is also increasing over the years. Similarly in Nigeria, religion was not the central source of conflicts at the time of colonization or even after independence. However, its role has increased through time to the extent that it curtailed other important contributing factors to the conflict. Religion and identity are highly correlated in Nigeria. As a result, almost all Nigerians identify themselves with a religion: Muslims represents 50.5 % of the population; Christians represents 48.2 % of the population, and other traditional religions constitute the remaining 1.4 % of the population. This st rong religious affiliation made Nigeria one of the most religious nations in the world. In a survey conducted by BBC, 95% of Nigerian respondents asserted that they would die for their religious belief. In line with this affirmation, beginning from the 1990s, violent deadly clashes in the name of religion between Christians and Muslims became the everyday phenomenon in Nigeria. In Nigeria, religion has more influence at elections and civil servant appointments than any other credentials. InShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Of The Scarlet Letter 1325 Words   |  6 PagesBritish World Literature, Period 7/8 14 December 2015 The Role of Religion in Society In some way, everyone’s lives on this planet have been affected by religion. It affects current events such as wars, politics, and societal issues. How religion affects these events and ideologies can be seen in literature. The literature reflects the events and political problems of the time period, which can be used to demonstrate the role of religion in current events of specific time periods. Due to the religiousRead MoreEssay on The Role of Religion in Foreign Policy1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Religion in Foreign Policy In order to best understand the role of religion in foreign policy, one needs to acknowledge that religion does play a role in foreign policy. However, the role religion plays in international relations is often overlooked. This omission of such an important factor that influences international politics in so many ways and on so many levels is detrimental and should be addressed (Fox, 2001:73). Religion influences internationalRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Structural Functionalism1490 Words   |  6 Pagesperspectives of structural functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions, aid sociologist in gaining a broader understanding for purposes of this paper –religion (as a primarily social rather than theological or psychological phenomenon) and the effects on societies. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions sociologists could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience.Read MoreRole of Women in Creating Communal Harmony and National Integration1515 Words   |  7 Pagescivilizations are being formed and the survival of the human race continues. But the groups whether small, medium or large are not free from conflicts and tensions both internal as well as external. These conflicts have a positive connotation along with a negative con notation of risking the existence of the group or society under consideration. The positive aspect of such conflicts is that it provides a necessary push to change the group`s organization, interactions, relationships etc for better adaptation toRead MoreAssess the View That Religion Is a Source of Instability and Conflict1094 Words   |  5 PagesAssess the view that religion is a major source of instability and conflict in society today Religion has held an important role in society since the beginning of civilisation and it has such power over people’s minds and shape the way our world developed. Whilst some sociological theories such as functionalist sees religion as performing a positive function in society as it can lead to social solidarity, integrating people into society, other sociological theories such as Marxist and FeministRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religion a sociological study could deter mine the power religion holds over peopleRead MoreSocial Institutions And Its Impact On Society1602 Words   |  7 Pagesin a society play an important role. There are some major social institutions which have considerable impacts on the lives of the members of society, such as religion and education. These institution act as the means of providing opportunity for the overall development of individuals. In this regard it can be said that â€Å"The role of religion is to remind republican citizens of their duties to and reliance upon God. Virtue is the bedrock of free society, and religion provides a constant reminder ofRead MoreForeign Influence and Its Positive and Negative Impacts1285 Words   |  5 Pages Foreign influence. Colonization. Imperialism. All of these arguably had a very positive impact on the world advancing it technologically. However, foreign influence also causes conflicts. For example, Britain split up the Hindus and Muslims in India which led to years of fi ghting and hatred. The majority of people believe that there isnt a specific cause for genocide. However – as shown by the Sudanese and Rwandan Genocides—foreign influence, and the absence of it, plays a big role in causingRead MoreFamily and Religion : Influence on People Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesFamily and Religion: Influence on People If you asked people to describe their families, some would describe single-household families, some would describe stepfamilies, some would describe gay or lesbian or adoptive families and many would describe divorced families. The word family has become a diverse institution it is very difficult to give it a meaning. In a wide sense especially in the biological sciences the term family refers to a group of individual beings linked by blood relations,Read MoreWhy Alternative Dispute Resolution ( Adr ) Experts1341 Words   |  6 Pages2) Why do alternative dispute resolution (ADR) experts emphasize the importance of Problem Solving approach in conflict resolutions? Are there weaknesses and/or short coming to this approach? The problem solving approach in conflict resolution is when parties in a conflict engage in dialogue that will allow for re-conceptualizing the conflict with a new view to find creative, or win-win, outcomes. Problem solving approach, used by alternative dispute resolution (ADR) experts requires joint effort

Microfinance Poverty Reduction in Sudan free essay sample

Microfinance services are part of the innovative financial services in the area of banking and finance non-bank, and the growth of this sector will be depending on the demand for it and the administrative and technical expertise in this area. The process of providing financial services to the poor in the community is an important part of strategies to reduce poverty and the institutions that provide microfinance is one of the tools that play this role if achieved financial sustainability of any increase supply to meet demand.The interest in microfinance in Sudan increased in the recent period, especially, and that the State at its peak moving to embrace this work to simplify procedures, and has been given Central Bank of Sudan great interest sector microfinance and with that we find deployment weak in the area of microfinance services Islamic incomprehension of this type of funding and requirements for success. Importance of the studyPoverty alleviation and combating is a strategic objective seeks world to achieve in the third millennium, and is difficult to determine the microfinance clients and reach of the challenges facing the microfinance and also find that the lack of guarantees for funding and the high cost of this type of financing and cost follow-up is one of the problems facing the Sudan, and from here stems the importance of this study to take up microfinance in Sudan as a tool for poverty alleviation, and the problems and challenges faced by microfinance in Sudan. We will write a custom essay sample on Microfinance Poverty Reduction in Sudan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Problem and questions of the studyTurning this study to answer several questions, problem study lies in the Sudan seeks to develop and develop the microfinance sector and attention mechanisms poverty alleviation through bank financing and the non-bank and follow the strategy to minimize the problems and risks and challenges faced by microfinance in Sudan and providing microfinance services and use it as a tool to alleviate the microfinance and Najib during which the following questions: What is the concept of microfinance in Sudan and who are the customers? And what are its institutions? What are the challenges and problems facing the microfinance sector in Sudan?What are the strategies used to cope with that? Does microfinance in Sudan, in turn, to alleviate poverty? Methodology of this study Be following the descriptive historical and analytical approach, and spatial research is the Republic of Sudan. Study Plan And include the study on four topics the first dealing with the conce pt and customers and institutions and the basic concepts of microfinance in general and some experiences in the world, and in the second section we address it and guarantees in the Sudan, and in the third section we take the challenges nd problems facing the microfinance in Sudan and strategies to cope with it, and in the fourth section the results and recommendations. Abstract This study is entitled Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Sudan Challenges Problems, in the world a growing focus against poverty as a strategic goal through financing lower income groups through microfinance, microfinance institutes (governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations).This study deal with several sections, section one highlights the definition, objectives, clients, institutes and basic concepts of microfinance. Section two assess the experience of Sudan in microfinance and guarantees (collaterals) of microfinance in Sudan. Section three discuss challenges problems which face mic rofinance in Sudan and the strategies to face these challenges problems. Section four present the results of this study and its main findings.The study recommended the need to apply best practices in the expansions of services and procedures of microfinance in Sudan, diversification of products and services and guarantees of microfinance in Sudan, provide information on the microfinance sector in Sudan, spreading the culture of microfinance and at last develop a strategy of microfinance in Sudan. In the name of God the Merciful The first topic Microfinance (theoretical framework) Submitted Combined efforts of the international community to combat poverty as a strategic goal everyone seeks to achieve exporting poverty eradication list of development goals for the third millennium.

Common Surgical Complications Surgery

Question: Describe about the Management principles of common surgical complications in Surgery? Answer: Introduction There is several meaning of the term management. Management as a noun termed as a group of managers in an organization (Georgiev, 2012). Management as a process refers to a group of actives such as the function of the entire organization. The functions of the organization are Planning, Organization, Directing, and controlling (Bhatia, 2011). On the other hand, the term management as a discipline can be explained as to any subject related to the organization. Management is termed as an individual or a group of individuals that accepts the all the responsibilities of the organization to run the management (Georgiev, 2012). All the management depending upon the nature of the business has some common organizational goals and objectives. There are different people who join the organization coming from different cultural backgrounds (Bhatia, 2011). Assessment of the Significance of the Managers in achieving the organizational success of Primark Primark is one of the most popular clothing retail brand within United Kingdom. The main features of the Primarks product are to deliver the high fashionable product in low price. The organizational goal of Primark is to build the brand largely and attain more than 67% consumers in United State. Apart from that, the management of Primark take care about their employees through applying the 630 degree performance measurement activities. Moreover, the company provides rewards according to performance to their potential employees. There are some common organizational goals and objectives in every management (Georgiev, 2012). Depending upon the nature of the business, the managers set the goals and objectives of the organization. The basic plans and procedures of the organization followed by every manager are similar to each other. All the managers of an organization depending upon the nature of the business follow the same plans and procedures, which includes Planning, Organizing, Direc ting, Motivating, and Controlling (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). These are the major organizational steps, which every manager needs to follow in the entire management. Process Features of Management Continuous Procedure All the managers needs to perform a continuous and never ending procedure of the management Art and Science The entire concept of the management is getting the jobs of the organization done by all the employees Result Orientation The entire concept of the management is to get the job done by the employees to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives Activities The concept the entire management both a group and non group activity Principles and Rules All the employees of the organization follows some basic rules and regulations of the organization Intangible All the services of the entire management is intangible in nature Dynamic All the activities of the entire management are dynamic in nature Pervasive All the plans and actives are purposive in nature Situation All the actives of the entire management depends upon the situation of the organization Professional in Approach All the jobs of organization are professional in nature and needs to follow a professional innature Table 1: Features o Management of Primark (Source: ) Comparison and contrast of organic organizations and mechanistic organizations Specialization: According to Kotler and Armstrong (2012), organic organizations are mainly followed the joint specialization. The employees within the workplace of Organic organizations work together. Most of the employees that are working in Organic organizations are doing their task with higher coordination. On the other hand, in Mechanistic Organizations employees are working separately and they done their task with their specializations. Communication: In the Organic organizations, employees have authority to control the task delegately. On the other hand, the communication in the mechanistic organizations is vertical. Decision making is highly possible in mechanistic organizational structure. Apart from that, in Organic organizations, an employee follows the verbal communications. On the contrary, in Mechanistic Structure based organization firmly follows the written communication. Operational Process: The trend of the Organic Structure within the organization is unpredictable. Whereas, the operating procedure of Mechanistic Organizations is extensive and with high standard rules. The job of the manager is to translate all the efforts of each in a common direction so that the common organizational goals achieved. There are different ways of motivations, which followed by the managers depending upon the requirements of the organization (McMenamin, 2011). Planning: Planning is the primary step of each management that every manager follows to set all the goals and objectives of the organization. Planning bridges the gap between where we are standing and where we want to go (Georgiev, 2012). The concept of planning is futuristic. Without the concept of planning, no managers can implement the plans of procedures of the organization (Haimes, 2012). Planning is an overall basic function of the management, which involves the concept of the formulation of detailed, planned which helps to achieve the optimum balance of needs and demands with the accessible resources of the organization (Minikin, 2012). The steps of the planning process discussed below. On the other hand, the organization based on Mechanistic structure uses the basic and formal planning procedure. All the effective planning and effective implementation of planning play a greater part in the high performance of the organization (Heizer and Render, 2011). The concept of planning is termed as the primary function of the management as it sets the goals and activities of the entire organization (Minikin, 2012). All the managers depending upon the nature of the business sets the overall goals and objectives of the organization, which will result in the optimum utilization of resources. Description of the process that helps Primark to promulgate corporate strategy Bargaining Power of the customers: In United Kingdom, the organization in retail clothing sector faces higher competition. Brimson (2011) cited that customer in the clothing sector in UK has wide range of choice. Majority of consumer demands for the alternative options. Therefore, Mark Spencer, HM, Zara, etc are provided several fashionable products with higher quality. Bargaining power of the customer is high in UK. Bargaining power of suppliers: In the clothing retail sector, there are not any single big suppliers. Therefore, bargaining power of the suppliers is comparatively low rather than other sector. Threats from competitive Rivalry: In the clothing sector, there are several low price retailers with the similar product range. However, the price of the Primarks products is low. Therefore, the company faces less challenges from their competitors. Organizing is the second step of the entire managerial functions. It is a very important and crucial step of the entire managerial function. It is one of the most important steps that the entire managers follows in order allocate jobs for the employees (Kubtov, 2012). To increase the efficiency level and to maintain the concept of the optimum utilization of resources, the theory of the correct job for the accurate employees must applied. . The job of the manager is to translate all the efforts of each in a common direction so that the common organizational goals achieved. There are different ways of motivations, which followed by the managers depending upon the requirements of the organization (McMenamin, 2011). Threats from New Entrants: In the clothing retail sector, there are low threats from the new entrants. The set up cost for starting a new business in clothing sector at UK is high. Therefore, it makes hard to startup a new business in clothing sector. Primark faces low challenges from the new entrants. Threats from Substitute: Primark faces high challenges from the substitute products in clothing sector. There are several substitute product providers such as Zara, Manchester United, Top Shop, etc that provided various types of products and fulfill the requirements of consumers. However, Primark charges reasonable prices rather than their competitors. Apart from that, Primark provided several types of discount offers to their customers in different season as well as different festivals (Bohlander and Snell, 2013). Therefore, recent technological development such as internet allows Primark for providing facilitation to their customers. Understanding of Organizational culture and justification to create an innovative culture Organizational Culture is considered as that environment where the behavior of individuals and values are shared for the betterment of the overall Primark in the competitive or complex environment. On the other hand, it can also be discussed that organizational culture can bring positive change in the attitude and belief of the workers working in a particular firm (Green, 2012).. Apart from that, one firm could be segmented easily from other firms based on organizational culture as each firm follows different internal procedures and policies. For the purpose of incorporating innovative culture within the Primark, the management has to engage qualified and experienced workforces on the board. The workers can help to build a positive change in the behavior and performance of other workers. The workers should be provided equal opportunities and chances of taking initiative should be given as it can help the organization to receive best and workable ideas. As a result, it could be useful in terms of productivity and minimization of wastage (Huhtala et al. 2013). Apart from that, the management of the company would develop innovative culture by collaborating with other groups or making alliance. It will help in the gaining new ideas and perspective that can deliver benefit to the workers and business. On the other hand, the performance of the employees needs to be measured. It will help in knowing the best and worst performing employees. Therefore, the employees that are showing low progress can be provided training that will help in the development of their skills and behavior (Carlstrm and Ekman, 2012). Furthermore, the recognition should be given to the workers that would help in gaining the input from the workers regarding developing cultural innovation. The workers can then be able to make the working environment a feasible place to work. Moreover, they will be sharing their experiences and knowledge in performing the tasks. Apart from that, in order to create innovative culture, the management should control on the employees productivity (Stensaker and Vab, 2013). Conclusion This particular assignment deals with the entire managerial performance of the organization. The basic four steps of the management discussed in a diversified manner in this particular assignment. The basic four managerial functions such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling elaborated in this assignment. To become successful managers these are the basic requirements of the organization that every manager needs to organize and follow in the management. If all the employees of the organization try to follow their way of working and communication there will be confusion in the entire organization. Depending upon the nature of the business, all the managers translate all the efforts of each in a common direction to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives. All the managers try to follow the same organizational procedure to achieve the common organization goals and objectives. Reference List Bhatia, R. (2011). Management principles of common surgical complications.Surgery (Oxford), 29(2), pp.67-69. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Brimson, J. (2011). Management process principles.J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 22(4), pp.83-96. Carlstrm, E. D., and Ekman, I. (2012). Organisational culture and change: implementing person-centred care.Journal of Health Organization and Management,26(2), 175-191. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011).The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Georgiev, V. (2012). Functions, Principles and Problems of the Security System.J Def Manag, 03(01). Goundrey-Smith, S. (2012).Principles of electronic prescribing. London: Springer. Green, T. J. (2012). TQM and organisational culture: How do they link?.Total Quality Management and Business Excellence,23(2), 141-157. Haimes, Y. (2012). Systems-Based Guiding Principles for Risk Modeling, Planning, Assessment, Management, and Communication.Risk Analysis, 32(9), pp.1451-1467. Heizer, J. and Render, B. (2011).Principles of operations management. Boston: Pearson Education. Huhtala, M., Feldt, T., Hyvnen, K., and Mauno, S. (2013). Ethical organisational culture as a context for managers personal work goals.Journal of business ethics,114(2), 265-282. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kubtov, J. (2012). INNOVATIVE MANAGERIAL PRINCIPLES FOR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY.ecoman, 17(1). Levitt, D. (2014). Ethical decision-making in a caring environment: The four principles and LEADS.Healthcare Management Forum, 27(2), pp.105-107. Masteralexis, L., Barr, C. and Hums, M. (2012).Principles and practice of sport management. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. McMenamin, E. (2011). Pain Management Principles.Current Problems in Cancer, 35(6), pp.317-324. Minikin, B. (2012). Sports management, principles and applications.European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), pp.309-312. Ogilvie, J. and Ogilvie, J. (2013).CLEP principles of management. Piscataway, N.J.: Research Education Association. Rejda, G. (2011).Principles of risk management and insurance. Boston: Prentice Hall. Stensaker, B., and Vab, A. (2013). Re inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), 256-274. Strydom, J. and Smith, M. (2011).Principles of business management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. ZOTOS, A. (2011). PRESERVATION TIME AT 6 2C AND 8 2C OF TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERII) FILLETS SMOKED BY STEAMING WITH LIQUID SMOKE.Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 35(4), pp.533-541.

Reintegration of Women Combat Veterans

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essays

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essays The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is wrong. In Latin ’Con’ means with and ’science’ means knowledge. Therefore we should surely use our conscience when we are making decisions as we should be being told what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. This however doesn’t always seem to be the case. The problem with using your conscience is that it is not consistent. We can see this when claims have been made after someone made the wrong choice. For example at the time he was Prime minister Tony Blair took the choice to go to war with Iraq. It is widely regarded as being the wrong choice to have made and Tony Blair said in response that he was following his conscience. There are religious and secular (non-religious) views on the conscience. The religious views have been developed from biblical teaching and the divine command theory. However there is more than one interpretation about the conscience. Thomas Aquinas for example believed that people should follow their conscience totally as long as your principles are right because it is the voice of reason. On the other hand Butler argued the conscience comes form intuition. Thomas Aquinas thought that synderesis is the means of distinguishing between right and wrong. Synderesis was first used by Aristotle and is the ability of the mind to understand the first principles of moral reasoning. He noticed that people do chose the wrong choice and said that this was ‘conscientia’ which is the actual ethical judgement or decision a person makes. Aquinas said that it is important to apply your moral principles to each situation but you can still be wrong if you follow your conscience because your principles can be wrong so your conscience will be too. Conscience is reasoning used correctly to find out what God sees is good. Joseph Butler similarly to Aquinas believed that conscience could determine and judge the rightness or wrongness of different actions or thoughts. However Butler saw the conscience as being more authoritative that â€Å"magisterially exerts itself. † in such a way that it had the last say when it comes to moral decision making. Butler described a hierarchy of human nature in which the desire for food and other animal instincts are at the bottom and the conscience at the top. Self love and benevolence was above the drives and the ability to reflect was above that. Mistakes made by conscience were not seen as particularly bad to Butler as he believed that we would intuitively know what the right action to take is. However convincing yourself that a wrong action is right is more evil than the action which results from it. John Henry Newman also took Conscience from a view point and took an intuitionists approach to conscience. This meant that the mind is able to percieve abstract concepts of truths normally thought to beyond empirical evidence. He believed that we when we followed our conscience we were following some kind of divine law like a messenger from God. He believed that he could prove this when â€Å"we feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened at transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies there is One to whom we are responsible. Newman also believed that the more relativist (atheist) a person is the less of a conscience they will have as they do not follow a God (an absolute unchanging moral authority). He therefore saw that our conscience will continuously change in different circumstances not making it a reliable source to make a decision on. Augustine too believed that we should take it seriously and listen to our conscience because we are hearing the word of God. Therefore Newman, Augustine and Butler take a much less rationalist view upon conscience compared to Aquinas but as all four believe that God is involved with our Conscience it is important to use it when making moral-decisions, especially if we believe in God. Due to there being Secular views on the conscience the debate over nurture or nature has risen. This is questioning whether we get our morals and our conscience before we are born or whether we develop morality as we get older. With this argument there is also the belief that we have both. For example a Secularist could hold that we are born with our natural instincts that encourage us to do good because it will encourage our survival. This would be a Darwinian approach. The same person could then argue that we also develop our morals during life that allow us to fit into society and the rules and regulations that surround it. A religious person could say the same except that we would have been given a conscience before we were born by God. Sigmund Freud was a psychiatrist that took a secular view on the conscience. He studied the human mind and its effects on the body. He also saw that human personality like Butler could be put into a hierarchy. Both Freud and Butler put drives such as sexual drives at the bottom of the triangle. However Freud then put the ‘Id’ in the space above this which represents the part of a human that is amoral (has no morality). The Id contains our wishes and instincts. Then at the top of the triangle was the ‘Ego’ which is the conscious part of a human that shows on the outside. A smaller space is taken up at the top by the ‘super-ego’ which is the set of moral controls that are given to us by outside influences. Freud explains that the super ego is often in conflict with the Id therefore our conscience, which is a construct of the mind, is shaped and influenced by our experiences. Jean Piaget a psychiatrist saw that a child’s moral development grows and the ability to reason morally depends on cognitive development. He suggested two stages which were later developed by Kohlberg. Heteronymous (other law) which a child is from the age of five to ten. The conscience is still immature and punishment is expected if a rule is broken. Autonomous (self law) is the next stage when a child reaches the age of 10 and over. At this age the child understands how rules operate in and help society, they are less dependent on moral authority Piaget down quite extensive research experiments on children by asking in which of two stories told to them the child was the naughtiest. His results showed that younger children evaluated the actions by the size of the outcome whereas the older children evaluated the stories through the intentions of the child. It is said that Piagets definition of morality is narrow. One of the reasons for this is that is becomes overly rational and disregards the function of morality in promoting human fulfilment. Kohlberg extended the stages to six and believed that the individual would have to follow them in sequence. The most important moral development occurs through social interactions. Fromm on the other hand had two approaches and didn’t think there was stages in moral development but saw that all humans are influenced by external authorities like parents, teachers and church leaders. He thought that a guilty conscience is a result of displeasing these authorities. The example of the Nazi government in Germany in the 1930’s was very successful about manipulating the conscience’s of its people to encourage them not to help the Jews. But that was his authoritarian approach and he had a humanistic approach. This was that our conscience is our real self and leads us to realise our full potential using our experiences not slavish obedience. It appears the conscience should take a large role in how we make moral decisions. However for both Secular and Religious views on the conscience we have seen that mistakes can be made. These mistakes are the products of wrong principles or bad nurturing as a child growing up or manipulations and bad influences. Therefore conscience should take a big role in making moral decisions but one should also consider the fact that they may be wrong and should compare the choice they want to make to another to see if one is greater.

Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Dissertation

Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Health Nursing - Dissertation Example This research paper â€Å"Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Health Nursing† acknowledges the significance of developing quality relationship between a mental health patient and nurse so as to realize the desired outcome from the therapeutic relationship. Mental health nurses play a critical role in caring for people with mental illness hence the need for them to establish co-operation with such patients that would yield therapeutic solutions as guided by the nurses’ code of conduct. This nurse-patient relationship is referred to as therapeutic relationship. This study is founded on the importance of ensuring quality therapeutic relationship to achieve the desired outcome. As such, it aims at determining the factors, attributed to a service user, that influence the quality of therapeutic relationship in a mental health setting. This would be accomplished using an electronic search engine, Wiley Online Library, sourcing for articles pu blished between 2007 and 2012 in the UK setting to determine these factors. The findings would be categorised into three themes: service user’s interpersonal aspects, perception and expectations. Despite the limitation to one search engine and the geographical coverage of the candidate studies, the themes articulated in the study point out to the importance of effective communication among mental health nurses and guide on the attributes desired of such nurses. As the quality of therapeutic relationship determines the outcome posted.... ion on the themes 20 3.3 Limitation of the study 21 3.4 Implication and recommendation for future practice 22 References 23 Appendices 28 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction to therapeutic relationship in mental health nursing In the modern society, mental health has had a significant impact on health care provision. The mental disorders could be categorised as depression, psychotic illness and drug dependence (World Health Organisation 2008). It has been noted that mental illness affects the community, workmates, family and the individual as well. According to the World Health Organisation (2003), a third of the years that humans have lived with disabilities would be attributed to mental health disorders. In the UK, the prevalence of mental health nursing stands at one case in six people according to Dooher (2008). These figures indicate the importance associated with mental health in the society. Mental health nurses are charged with caring for people who have mental health ne eds both in the community and hospital setting. At times referred to as psychiatric nursing, mental health nursing is one of the branches in nursing that deals with caring for people who suffer from mental distress. According to Dooher, these nurses â€Å"help patients lead as ‘normal’ a life as possible, striving to enable the optimum potential of those they work with† (2008, p.1). There has been a shift in the mindset of nursing in mental health setting from the psychiatric point of view where the primary function involved executing the orders from the doctor and administering the prescribed treatment to an evidence-based care which is health oriented and practiced in diverse settings. This shift began in 1970 in the UK and 1960 in the US (Baker 2004; Horsfall et al. 2001). Therefore,

Professional Development - Career Profile (in Marketing) Assignment

Professional Development - Career Profile (in Marketing) - Assignment Example ternet marketing is one of the latest ongoing business industries that is proving itself to be highly profitable as compared to physical offices and manufacturing organisations. It has versatility in its work operations and constantly thrives for changes to be profitable and successful. The resources used are minimum and the main element required is knowledge and creative skills to implement ideas. One such organisation that I am highly interested in joining is Google Incorporation. I would like to start my professional career from one of the most successful multinational organisations that have made a good brand name in the internet marketing category. The mission statement of Google is to allow all the users on the internet to have the access of various kinds of information pertaining to any topic. The information should be available and readily accessible by all the users of the world (Google Jobs, 2013). Google has engineered its management styles by taking in top notch professionals that have a good command on their work. The leadership style followed at Google is mostly Laissez Fairre. The professionals hired at Google are professional in the field of technology and with a good amount of experience. Google hires the best ones who know their word and do not require any guidance to conduct their work procedures. This one of the factors of how organisations are successful. The organisational structure of Google consists of Board of Director, Senior Leadership members and Executive Officers. It is a short hierarchy and both the executive officers and Senior Leaders are accountable to the Board of Directors. In Laissez Fairre leadership style, the expert professionals are empowered with the tasks authority and this is how the employees work at Google (Google Company, 2013). Google has an open culture policy at its work place and it encourages the employees to give their valuable suggestions and opinions. On emails and sometimes in cafe, the Google audience

Literature review and best practices for STEMI care Essay

Literature review and best practices for STEMI care - Essay Example Lee (2009) suggested that physicians should initiate the catheterization laboratory without necessary consulting the cardiologists. In some cases, some patients that have been referred for PPCI do not get optimum percutaneous reperfusion and at the right time with an experienced group (Tubaro et al., 2011). PCI aims to open the artery as soon as possible after its blockade, preferably within 90minutes (Cardiosmart.org, 2014). The recommended time for the treatment of patients with PCI capability is a maximum of 90 minutes. For those without PCI capability, they should receive medical attention in the first 30minutes of arrival at a hospital. The treatment is basically fibrinolytic therapy. Paramedic bypass of the protocols of emergency care reduced the number of minutes of the door to balloon time. From the study, there was an improvement of over 28 % percent. Before the initiation of paramedic by pass protocol, the average time needed was about 107 minutes. These saw an improvement of about thirty-seven minutes with an average time coming down to 70 percent. However, the study recommends for further studies to determine the outcome of those patients who were taken care of by these paramedics (Cheskeset al, 2011). In the observation by Pitta et al (2010), it was noted that most of the time lost is on the acquisition of an electrocardiogram and most of the patients never had an electrocardiogram conducted on them because of the delays. Hence, from the case study, the authors emphasize on the need to have a Pre-hospital electro cardiogram to conduct to aid in reducing the door to balloon time. In the study conducted by Wilson et al, (2010) to assess the impact of interdepartmental collaboration on door to balloon time reduction, the authors observes that there is a great improvement on time reduction with emergency department physician activation of cardiac catheterization laboratory followed with instantaneous transfer in

The threat of globalization for smaller firms

The threat of globalization for smaller firms Globalization has costs and benefits. There are examples of poorly managed economies. (eg when countries opened their economic borders before they had the capacity to respond well) but there are also examples of well managed countries thatengage well with international community. Many governments and supranational authorities have committed themselves to encouraging trade in the world economy and further reducing poverty through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and are cooperating together to work out smart ways to manage globalization for their smaller firms /countries success in the world economy. Through the evaluation of the strategic management in the global competitive enviroment. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the process of the strategic management of smaller firms by governments and supranationals in the global competitive environment. Introduction and Background What is globalisation? Globalisation can be defined as the greater movement of people, goods, capital and ideas due to increased economic integration which in turn is propelled by increased trade and investment. It is like moving towards living in a borderless world. There has always been a sharing of goods, services, knowledge and cultures between people and countries, but in recent years improved technologies and a reduction of barriers means the speed of exchange is much faster. Globalisation provides opportunities and challenges. Bigger markets can mean bigger profits which leads to greater wealth for investing in development and reducing poverty in many countries. Weak domestic policies, institutions and infrastructure and trade barriers can restrict a countrys ability to take advantage of the changes. Each country makes decisions and policies that position them to maximise the benefits and minimise the challenges presented by globalisation. ( www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au) In a world economy, characterized by a high level of changes over the past few years, we can say that the world does not appear any more like it was in the past. Indeed so many transformations have been done in terms of government regulations, business, telecommunications, technology, research and development, customers needs and tastes, reduction in barriers to free trade and the world with all these factors have led to a great convergence. All these transformations are leading our national economies into a global system or a global economy, i.e. an independent, integrated global economic system therefore a process that we can refer to as globalization. Hence, in the era of the globalization, it has been inevitable for national enterprises to globalize in order to gain for instance some competitive advantage, economies of scales, more market share, better skills. Indeed, nowadays, wherever a company operates, theses products or services would find some foreign competitors. ( Hill, 2006), The impact of globalization on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has received a lot of attention in international markets in the past few years. Today, globalization is a major driver that has impact on nearly every business. One of the reasons for the international focus on SMEs is that these firms make significant contributions to the economy of both developed and under-developed countries. SMEs contribute over 55 percent of GDP and over 65 percent of total employment in high-income countries (UNCTAD, 2004). In Middle and East Asia for example, SMEs are major players in their countries economy; accounting for a higher percent than what it represents in the developing countries. Globalization has that much impact on business forces which have added more drivers to Porters five Forces. One of these new drivers in business life was discussed in an article by Larry Downes in Beyond Porter says that technological progress in logistics and distribution enables nearly every business to buy, sell and cooperate on a global scale. Similarly, customers have the chance to compare prices globally in order to find the best offer. Many SMEs are now looking to go global. The markets are more accessible than ever before. However, most SMEs are finding it difficult to master the art of market entry, resulting in heavy losses. Globalization has increased competitive pressures on firms. Together with rapid technological change it has altered the environment in which SMEs operate. The bottom line is that, in an open and liberalized world, increasing SMEs competitiveness has become a major challenge. Globalization has also expanded competition both geographically and to new areas. Competition between companies was mainly on products and services, at least to the extent that markets were protected from foreign competition. There is a wealth of economic evidence that demonstrates that globalization brings great benefits as well as costs. It offers the opportunity for a higher rate of sustainable growth- growth that translates into longer, healthier lives and improved living standards. But, if we look at another side of picture then it has been proven that some of the competitive obstacles often faced by the little fish in the big ocean. Compared to larger firms, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are generally less well-equipped to face increases in international trade. As a result of their lower productivity, many have found it difficult to compete. Also, given their limited resources, they have found it more difficult to take advantage of the removal of tariff barriers. Global markets are more integrated with more free flow of information, goods and services and migration. As a consequence of globalization we have seen the rise of the influence of large multi nationals, to the detriment of Small and Medium Enterprises. In response to this threat governments and supranational authorities have designed programs to protect and support these small firms to allow for their survival. Threat of globalization The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems for smaller firms like the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. (J.O Ajiboye, Adeyunke Tella University of Botswana) Smaller firms will find it difficult to compete on the global level as they lack the financial and technical resources that multinationals have. In addition they lack the economies of scale which results in lower cost per unit for the multi nationals. Pricing could be a challenge since the smaller firms are likely to have high costs per unit. Larger firms have the capacity to undercut the smaller firms prices as a consequence of this competition between smaller and large firm would erode margins of smaller firms and some of them would end up making loses and winding up. It would be difficult for smaller firms to attract a highly skilled work force because multi nationals have the capacity to pay better packages as they will have more financial resources. This would pose a challenge for smaller firms to operate efficiently and effectively. High promotional, advertising and branding costs are a barrier to entry for small firms Cultural and religious factors can also affect competitiveness of small firms. For instance, in countries where Islam is a dominant religion in which strict adherence to halaal standards is a requirement, small firms may find it difficult to penetrate the market or to survive in such markets. Import restrictions can also affect small firm competitiveness. For example, in some countries such as Egypt, where there is an import ban on raw materials small firms may find it difficult to penetrate in such markets without a diversified global market base. Smaller firms may find it a challenge on the global market in terms of meeting certain international standards imposed by certain markets. Export restrictions may also pose a problem. In some markets there are restrictive export regulations which, smaller firms find difficult to comply with e.g, small firms in Africa exporting agricultural produce into European markets such as honey or paprika. Membership of a Trading blocs such Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA, Southern African Development Community SADC and the European Union EU, inter alia, could be another source of hindrance to smaller firms. Countries that are not members of such trading blocs may find it difficult to trade with member countries. Further other government policies such as high taxes are a disincentive to investment. Small firms are likely to be affected by such taxes. Unlike multinationals, small firms are likely to suffer currency exchange losses. This is because small firms may not have capacity to hedge against such losses. Multinationals, operate in different markets and can easily cushion such effects. Multinationals have the capacity to produce better and cheaper goods as a result of the superior resource endowments such as modern technology and have larger budgets for research and development as compared to smaller firms. Purchase Power Parity is another factor to consider e.g, multinationals can procure inputs in countries where the currency has a higher PPP. Globalization poses new challenges for SMEs by leading them to at least partially integrate the consequent idea of global change in their strategy. The expansion of markets does not mean that only large businesses will be able to profit fully from this trend. There is no correlation between large market and large business. Whatever the cost, to encourage the competitiveness of large national businesses. A fish that has become bigger and bigger in its pond will be eaten when it reaches the sea; it is better to teach it how to fight when it is small so that it can deal with the competition, wherever it is. On the other hand, the internal factors constraining the globalization of SMEs are lack of experience on their part, insufficient resources and an excessive perception of risk. The major external factors are national information networks that are inadequate or poorly connected internationally, deficient complementary regional resources and assistance programs that are maladapted to SME requirements. In a number of countries, the positive factors appear to be gaining ascendance over the negative. The recently completed (1996) OECD study on market globalization and SMEs shows, on the one hand, that the major factors sustaining or accelerating SME globalization are as much a result of the internal dynamics of small businesses as of environmental support. In the first instance, searching for diversified growth, specific innovation-based production, and open-minded management capable of engaging the appropriate specialized resources, go a long way toward explaining the behavior of internationally open SMEs. The case of the environment presumes effective regional consulting, funding and logistical resources to support exports. (Pierre-Andrà © Julien Università © du Quà ©bec à   Trois-Rivià ¨res ) How Governments and other supranational authorities support small firms In order to support the small firms from the threats of globalization governments and other supranational have designed programmes to protect them as stated below. Examples of Supranational institutions that manage such programs are: Governments, COMESA, WTO, World Bank, AU, SADC,UN, ECOWAS, EU etc. Government support: Some of the different programs that must be designed include: Favorable bilateral and multilateral trade agreements which, support positive trade balances must be instituted by governments. This will ensure the growth of small firms thereby contributing to overall country growth. Governments should use their political influence to lobby for relaxed trade. Providing loan guarantees to small firms. Some of these guarantees involve partnerships with private banks or multilaterals such as the World Bank. Such policies help the smaller firm have access to finance. Governments also offer incentives and subsidies to allow the smaller firms compete on the international markets e.g. the Government of South Africa made deals with the Government of Zambia to allow a tax rebate of about five years also the EU also subsidies small scale farmers in the EU. Governments should introduce tax rebates on certain sectors of the industry e.g. in Zambia agricultural inputs are have zero tax to bring into the country to encourage more people engage in to agriculture and overall boost the economy for exports . Governments may devalue its currency to increase export volumes by allowing its exports to be cheaper e.g. China and Japan are practicing this. This should however be done carefully recognizing that it can be inflationary. Government should institute policies that encourage domestic trade through relevant monetary and fiscal policies. Government should encourage policies that support reduction of borrowing costs. Legal enactment of credit acts must be encouraged to protect the consumer. Government should provide grants to economic agents for capital injection. Government should encourage agencies such as the Zambia Development Agency which to provide support to help small and medium businesses become more innovative, efficient and competitive through a national network of services and support for eligible SMEs to access expert, practical advice and support tailored to their individual firms. 4.2 Supranational Support includes: Supranational authorities should introduce grants, loans and funding for small economies to encourage production and trade among countries. Supranational should endeavor to help less developed countries by exposing entrepreneurs to the international markets. Supranationals should facilitate trade expos to stimulate trade. eg traditional indigenous artifacts have found their way to the international markets. Fair trade policies play a bigger role in protecting trade, fair and stable price and institutes like the WTO should encourage this. Forums are another platform that these institutions have introduced to give a voice to the voiceless on issues of economic development e.g. G8 are encouraging world trade by adopting certain polices. Examples of supranational and their impact on globalization: 4.2.1. a International Monetary Fund (IMF) The IMF is a sister institution to the World Bank in the United Nations system. It shares the same international membership and the same goal of raising living standards in its member countries. It works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty. 4.2.1. b World Bank(WB) The World Bank Groups mission is to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world. It is a development bank which provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit, grants, policy advice, technical assistance and knowledge sharing services to low and middle-income countries to reduce poverty. The Bank promotes growth to create jobs, and to empower poor people to take advantage of economic opportunities. The Bank is strongly committed to the Millennium Development Goals which target poverty. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) 4.2.1. c World Social Forum (WSF) The World Social Forum (WSF) is an amalgamation of many political/social movements from around the world. It was created to openly discuss alternatives to the model for globalisation formulated by the World Economic Forum, large multinational corporations, National Governments, IMF, the World Bank and the WTO. It is working to demonstrate that the path to sustainable development, social and economic justice lies in alternative models for people-centered and self-reliant progress, rather than in neo-liberal globalisation. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) 4.2.1. d World Trade Organisation (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) 5.0 Conclusion More and more SMEs are availing themselves of new material and immaterial technologies to increase their productivity. They are innovating to prolong the useful life of their products or to change these products. They are associating with large businesses or working in networks to boost their strike forces. These networks also provide them with international information to prevent them from being outpaced by change. But given the limitations of globalization, some Governments and supranational can have SMEs break away from increased competition by positioning them in specific niches. Globalization can offer as many opportunities for dynamic SMEs as obstacles for those that lag behind in modernizing their production processes or developing these niches which can give them at least temporary shelter from the pressures of new competition. There are social and economic costs to globalisation. Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform to help smaller firms. Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their standards of living are dropping further behind the richest countries. The gap in incomes between the 20% of the richest and the poorest countries has grown from 30 to 1 in 1960 to 82 to 1 in 1995 (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.). The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalisation, like the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the developing world. The level of agricultural protection by rich countries has also been estimated to be around five times what they provide in aid to poor countries. Trade liberalization and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying the traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. (www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/.) References and Biography www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au www.worldbank.org/ www.forumsocialmundial.org. www.wto.org/ www.ausaid.gov.au/ Michael Porter Johnson and Scholes, 1993

Velociraptors: Fact and Fiction Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research P

Velociraptors: Fact and Fiction Eventually at some time or another, somebody has to imagine what a dinosaur looks like. Maybe it is a Paleontologist, maybe it is an Artist, maybe it is a Movie Maker. Basically, everyone is entitled to deciding in his or her mind what a dinosaur may look like. How do we form these ideas, though? And on what information are these ideas based on? The â€Å"picture† of the dinosaur – whether it’s in our mind, on paper or a motion picture film – helps us to understand how these animals behaved. Ideas about how dinosaurs looked have changed over the years as our research improves. There’s a sort of partnership between paleontology, painting and movies: they help to define each other. The paleontologist digs up the bones, the artist paints a painting, and the filmmaker brings it to â€Å"life.† Then everyone complains about how silly the movie dinosaurs look (or do they?) and little by little, things improve. Since movies are the venue through which most of society gains its ideas of what dinosaurs look like, it seems appropriate to address the topic of how dinosaurs are depicted on the big screen and whether or not those depictions are correct. Some of the most popular film portrayals of dinosaurs are the Jurassic Park movies. The dinosaurs shown seem to be actually living and partaking in all of the activities shown – everything from the opening of doors, running 50 miles per hour, the elaborate hunting tactics, to tapping their toes, everything is incredibly realistic. Or is it? According to a website known as Dino Buzz, which is an offshoot of a UC Berkeley site, many of the portrayals of the Velociraptors in Jurassic Park III were inaccurate; some ideas wer... ... what Velociraptors were like – for the most part. It allows the audience to form thoughts and ideas about how these animals might have moved, hunted, etc. Of course, as in all movies, the â€Å"facts† presented should not be taken as the absolute truth. Only science can determine whether or not a Velociraptor could move at 50 miles per hour, open doors, or tap its toe – not Steven Spielberg. Works Cited Dino Buzz: Current Topics Concerning Dinosaurs. UCMC Berkeley. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/buzz/popular.html. (February, 2005). (Last accessed on February 6, 2005). What is a Raptor? Poling, Jeff. http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/dromey/raptor.htm. (1996). (Last accessed on February 6, 2005). Dromaeosaurid Anatomy. Holtz, Thom Jr. http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/dromey/dromey.htm. (1995). (Last accessed on February 6, 2005).

5 Minute Sppech

Does the thought of writing and delivering a speech terrify you? Most people share your fear. But why remain scared of public speaking when the solution to this age old problem is so simple? Follow these simple speaking tips and you'll be ready to present a decent speech next week. First, take a deep breath and relax your mind. Your challenge is to speak to an audience about a topic that you know something about. In other words, you will be sharing your knowledge in a conversational manner with people who are interested in what you have to say. Second, break down the elements of your speech.A simple technique to use in your opening is the Attention Grabber Question. Ask the audience a question that will force them to respond either aloud or to themselves. This will get people involved with your topic and provide you with the positive feedback you need to share a quality message. Decide on three main body points that you want to cover. You may even choose three stories or anecdotes to use as the body points. That will make audience sharing even easier. The goal is to make you feel like you're telling a story to a friend. The only difference is that you're telling the story to ten, twenty, fifty or one hundred friends!Finally, your conclusion must challenge, issue a call to action, or motivate your audience to do something positive with the information that you've just shared. The conclusion is the most frequently abused piece of a speech. The speaker typically hurries to finish and leaves out a profound bit of wisdom that the audience needs and wants. Speaker Beware – Don't try to memorize your speech word for word. If you lose your place and grasp for the exact word that makes up your script, you may draw a mind blank and panic. Let's look at a simple speech topic that can quickly be developed into a complete presentation.Suppose you want to talk about container gardening. An Attention Grabber Question might be, â€Å"How many of you have a green thumb? â€Å"Well neither did I until I started dropping plants into pots. † Audience members will either answer yes or no to the green thumb question. You have their involvement at this point in the beginning. Your three main body points may feature three different types of plants you have successfully grown in containers. For added impact, show pictures of your work or bring a sample of your passion for gardening. Props always add another dimension to your presentations. Let your excitement about the topic fuel your words.In the conclusion, simply tell the audience how easy it is to begin container gardening. You may even give them resources to explore for more information. This leaves the audience members with valuable advice that they can use after leaving the room. For beginning orators, consider taking a three by five note card to the lectern. The card should only feature the Attention Grabber Question, the three main body points, and the profound conclusion that sends the au dience home feeling content and fulfilled. Glance at the card only to keep order. Make an effort to look at each audience member.Use a sweeping eye movement so that you're sharing the information with everyone in the room. As you gain confidence as a speaker, you can experiment with hand gestures, vocal variety and body movement. These skills will develop with practice. When you get that next speech assignment, decide to share and not recite your wisdom. Break down the elements of the presentation. Don't let the project overwhelm you. Make sure you give the audience members something to take home. You are offering some information that they can use. With a positive, sharing attitude, you can knock out a quality presentation in only 5 – 7 minutes!

Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel

Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Executive Summary This report analyses and presents the â€Å"Strategic Marketing Plan† for â€Å"Marina Bay Sands† Hotel. This is a five-star inn located in Singapore, which has excellent leisure facilities, fashionable architecture, and offers first-rate MICE services to clients. The report highlights the overall company history in terms of hotel description, its location, services offered, its clients, owners, and basic formation. The company’s market share and revenue is analyzed, with the significant effect of global economic crunch noted. This has affected the market capitalization over time from 2007 value of $49 billion; $140.00 per share to nearly $3 billion in 2008. There is a brief description of organizational structure and working systems within Marina, this include s the statement of the mission of the organization. Concurrently, PESTLE analysis describes the exterior influences on the industry. An analysis of each factor is evident thus demonstrating the current position of the organization. Market analysis shows that Marina enjoys a strategic location in Singapore, South East Asia with a large customer base. Competition is not as stiff as only one rival, GMB exist in the region. There is an analysis of the four P’s in relation to the business. Noticeably, a SWOT analysis indicates that the organization has more potency and opportunities than the limitations and threats. An outline of recommendations for future methodologies and approaches to marketing is evident in the final part of the report on the firm. Introduction Strategic Marketing Plan This is a vital concept in all business organizations as it forms the root for successful service launch and market performance. Macdonald (2008, p 25) argues that marketing planning helps busin esses to scrutinize and direct the range of interior and peripheral influences on its competency to accomplish lucrative sales, and goals.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to him, planning of the marketing undertakings with inclusion of all the business activities is necessary for potential growth and service to customers. This novel approach enables corporate to gain profit, which is the universal yardstick for gauging efficiency while also satisfying customer desires. Marketing strategies in any business outline become the working targets in the marketing unit (Macdonald 2008, p 26). Williams Leech (2004, P 64) indicates that marketing plan is a representation of outcome of strategy development, setting objectives, and shaping the P’s. That though there may be variances in the structure, the plan mostly consists of the management summary, market situation, â€Å"SWOT and PESTLE† analysis, and marketing objectives. With globalization, the increased interests in hospitality sector require organizations that have sound marketing plans if they are to realize profitability and provide adequate services to the beneficiaries. General Company Background Hotel Description This is Asias fabulous trade and holiday destination, has about 2,500 accommodation and suites, â€Å"state-of-the-art† caucus and exposition amenities, theaters, first-rate casino, leisure and top shopping or dining within Singapore. It is a unification of three deluxe hotels coupled by gorgeous sky patio and Sands SkyPark. Established by the famous gaming corporation, â€Å"Las Vegas Sands,† Marina provides console and bliss for all clients. It offers excellent gaming, noble-concept bars; trendy clubs and delicious meals. In a featured article, Ballinger (2010) observes that it also embodies of three high rise storey commissioned in 2010, wi th 1-hectare crown Sky Park eliciting 360-degree appearance to Nation’s skyline and showing marvelously sculptured precincts, cafeterias and a swimming puddle. The Market Share and Revenue There are estimations that over 90% of the greater â€Å"Las Vegas Sands† is under the ownership of inside members, the current CEO with an approximate of 65%. According to Cohen (2010), MBS has recorded over double in net revenue, say US$485.9 M up from US$216.4 M in subsequent quarter with only 65 days functionality upon its April pliable commissioning.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Marketing Plan for Marina Bay Sands Hotel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Income prior to interest, levy, depreciation, and paying off rose up to US$241.6M whereas EBITDA margin escalating to 49.7% from 43.7%. Global fiscal slump has currently affected the marketplace capitalization over time from 2007 value of $49 billion ; $140.00 per share to nearly $3 billion in 2008. It has over time experienced financial crunches, with Sheldon persistently intervening to correct the anomalies. There has however never been a presentable long-term fiscal performance analysis since the hotel came into full fledge operation just i8n recent times. As indicated by Cohen (2010), the hotel performance over short period of operation, is progressive and has added additional upscale value to the Singapore’s hospitality market index and rating. Sheldon Adelson indicates in the â€Å"LVS annual report† (2010) that MBS hotel increases trade and leisure in Singapore and the greater South Asia. He further indicates that the hotel has realized approximately $1 billion attuned property EBITDA in the initial one year of business, which is a tremendous and historical record. Employees and Business Structure The â€Å"Las Vegas Sands Corp.† is involved in the tenure and supervision of this hotel. It has other in tegrated vacation conveniences spread worldwide. As indicated in the â€Å"LVS annual report† (2010, p 21) the company directly employs about 34,000 workers apart from temporarily hired ones on need-based concept. Mutual bargaining treaties do not exist for the Marina hotel employees. In this report, the corporation again indicates that the employees are gratis to engage in labor unions and this shall not affect its fiscal outputs. The business is under ownership of many, with Adelson Sheldon having almost the largest allocate in capital. Several workers help in running business. The hotel is a constituent of the larger â€Å"Las Vegas Corp† and is managed at peak by a sitting executive committee chairing all the LVS initiatives. Regional management in Singapore is responsible for routing the company’s mission and policies in the hotel.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from rest of implementing employees like culinary staff, there exist peak, central level, and line managers with a variety of departments coordinated by the overall manager for hotel’s efficiency. The HR indicates in an interview featured in â€Å"The Pulse, Issue7† (2009, p 3) that MBS hotel has dedication to mentoring and training its employees. That there is broad leadership and unit definite training and instruction in existing organization levels. There is again commitment to edifying a culture of general reverence and support to enhance teamwork. Mission and Vision Statement and/or corporate values In the pulse (2009, p 2), president of MBS redefines the companies mission and vision. The vision is â€Å"We create once- in- a- lifetime encounters every day.† The mission â€Å"We are devoted to turning MBS the globe’s most outstanding destination for leisure, shopping, and business.† From these, we see a resolute hospitality empire with g reat dedication to service delivery and satisfaction. The above values symbolize the hotel’s culture and core fundamental principles that guide service provision to all clients. Olsen Zhao (p 4) in reporting â€Å"Travel and Tourism Intelligence’s† 2001 study states that corporate values are the founding stones for branding; an aspect becoming increasingly vital by generating higher market share. This permits hotels to indict premium rates, issue superior investor proceeds, and launch customer loyalty. Kumar (2010) also recognize that without sound corporate values, businesses in the hospitality industry are unable to set magnetic product or service brands thus cause failure in efficiency and profitability. The PESTLE analysis This refers to a methodology given application by organizations in the study of their exterior macro environment. This acronym stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental† (Doyle 2008). The re is scanning and identification of risks or environmental changes, monitoring for recognition of trends, and preparation for mitigation. As indicated in â€Å"The Pulse, Issue7† (2009) the hotel is set in a magnificent outlook, providing a dream hospitality destination for the great South Asia. As indicated in â€Å"LVS annual report† (2010), Adelson views Singapore’s exceptional transport system and immediacy to South Asian population as a business advantage. This couples with the hotel’s iconic architecture, supreme entertainment amenities, and strategic setting next to Singapore’s CBD. These factors will in future help in establishment of sustainable client base. The high rate of globalization increases demand for vacation services. As Cohen (2010) indicates, MBS has recorded over double in net returns since its April commissioning. Increasing technological advancements has enhanced online reservations, client communication, and e-finance serv ices thus uplifting hotel trade. It is evident that technology will increase the company’s performances even in the future, given daily advancements and employment of qualified technical staff. The worldwide recession grossly affected the company, lowering its marketplace share and revenue with a higher percentage. Sheldon Adelson however intervened through increasing his shares and loaning the hotel. The annual report (2010, p 9) indicates that Singapore unlike many Asian hospitality and casino markets is not dominated by junket activity. The regulations here require prospecting junket operators to pass a background audit and have license. There are comprehensive licensing necessities and frameworks, which cushion hotel operations and favor their profitability. The legitimate organism thus favors the company. Current Competitor Analysis Competition amongst resorts in the South Asia is high, especially in Singapore where other hotels apart from MBS include RWS, and Macau. RWS is 100% property of the Genting Singapore, located in Sentosa Island, and is a prime family tourist destination connected to Singapore via vehicle and pedestrian bridge. Both companies provide similar services, with RWS having the advantage of an Island location in the Sentosa. Most importantly, MBS hotel has only one competitor in Singapore. As cited in the LVS annual report (2010, p 10) hospitality activities like betting is observed through state-sanctioned licenses awarded to only two operators, of which MBS is one. There is thus restricted competition in betting. Sentosa as a major competitor in the area only began its functioning in January 2010 with six hotels, about 1800 rooms, â€Å"Universal Studios theme park,† Marine Park, and few others. MBS being one of the LVS hospitality enjoys extensive market exposure than its competitors. Genting chairperson, Lim Kok expected an annual turnout of 13 million clients in the first period of work. Other facilities in Sentosa i nclude Maritime Experiential Museum, conventions or exhibitions conveniences, restaurants, and trade shop. It contains approximately 470 betting tables, 500 electronic gaming tables, and 1200 slots. These are far less considering the diverse services existing at the MBS hotel. Their capital base is also limited unlike MBS, which is not purely under singular ownership thus draws large capital from varied sources. The leading shareholder here is the Adelson, who happens to be the Chair and treasurer of MBS. The competitor has recently not introduced any new services. The plush facilities including swimming pool and first-rate services offered under the three-storey roof empire places MBS hotel far ahead of its rival. Current Market Analysis The hotel faces only one competitor RWS in Singapore. Early this year, the â€Å"Chief Operating Officer† Mike Leven indicates that there is growing demand in the hotel facilities, with 80% occupancy. Entry of the MBS into the nation’ s betting sector doubled at about US$6B during 2010. The US$5.5 billion MBS received 11 million clients, having been operational for about one year. Other cited future markets as stated by chairperson Adelson include Spain and India. As stated in the 2010 annual report, advertisement is through both mass and print media, and internet. The hotel marketing department participates in unswerving marketing as permitted in diverse geographic locations; these may be through top slot and chart games markets. According to this report, the hotel enjoys the Singapore market, which has advanced fiscal and transportation network in the S. E Asia locality. This is a place for both trade and vacation. There are further indications that the STB had 11.6 million international guests in 2010, an elevation of 20% unlike 2009 (LVS annual report 2010, p 9). The total mean duration of visit by tourists in Singapore as estimated by STB was 3.9 in 2010. This obvious market enables the hotel to benefit as p resently, the entire betting market has equal contributions from VIP and crowd gaming portions. Additionally, inputs from slot equipment and mass betting segment enhance early escalation of market. Major gaming patrons are from Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. There is nonetheless, expectations of further market extensions into novel feeder markets considering the geographic placement. Cohen (2010) reports that most customers approve the first-rate services offered in this hotel. Current Marketing Mix Marketing involves the matching of an enterprise’s roles and competencies with the client’s desires to attain satisfaction on the two sides (Bowie Buttle 2004). Marketing mix embodies an array of manageable, strategic marketing concepts that a company may blend to realize the response it longs for in the targeted market. It comprises of an entirety of what an organization can do to manipulate demand for its services or products (Wood Brotherton 2008). As indicated by Reid Bojanic (2010), the set collate into the four P’s of â€Å"Product, Place, Price, and Promotion.† They further indicate that organizations are keen to manipulate these variables to develop a strategy for service or product used to found a marketing program. The hotel presents a range of services to visitors on site; the conspicuous ones include meetings and conferencing conveniences, incentives, and exhibitions (MICE). Within it, one may enjoy first-rate casino, leisure, theatre sessions, and shopping expeditions. There are fantastic views from the SkyPark space; this is home to globe’s longest swimming pool, restaurants, and twilight clubs. It offers flexible and exclusive conventions in the area. Several corporate, international, theatrics events, and state functions occur in Marina. Concierge desks services include some of the currently operational services at the expo and convention hub. This enables delegates to buy parking tickets at cheaper amounts unlike other MICE facilities. Promotion as indicated in the LVS annual report (2010, p 10) is through lots of media channels. TV, radio broadcasting, internet, newsprint, magazines, and billboards include some of the commonly used advertisement channels. There is use of direct marketing in various geographic locations, aimed at definite market segments, embodying the â€Å"premium slot and table games markets.† The hotel’s sales unit frequently organizes cocktail events as part client campaign (The pulse 2009, p 4). Targets include voyage agents, corporate regulars, and forum exhibition organizers. The location of Marina is strategic within the great South Asia. Singapore’s good transport network and financial stability is a business merit (Pulse 2009). There are transport systems from the airport designated for visitors destined to Marina. The hotel’s marvelous structural design, excellent leisure facilities, and tactical location help to attract client s. Marina has nightly charges from $237.22 to $1,166.10. There are however, varied charges depending on the type of services offered, rates try to align with those set by STB and fluctuate variably between tourist low and high peaks. The seasons affect demand for these services and gaming charges are set for dissimilar segments but not for junkets. SWOT analysis SWOTs refer to the inferences for establishing strategic marketing schemes. Organizations maximize on strong points and available opportunities within their reach and minimize their weaknesses and outdoor threats (Reid Bojanic 2010). Major strengths of Marina are its capital base so that it minimally relies on external funding, and its iconic architecture that attracts large pool of customers. It has strategic setting in Singapore, which is a vastly industrial state with great tourist attraction capacity. From the pulse (2009), it is evident that Marina hires services of qualified professionals and human resources capable o f driving its objectives to success. The Skypark provides great view of the Singapore from top. This provides an inimitable tourist attraction, which is only in Marina. The restriction of junket gaming by Singapore government makes Marina casinos to be the only outstanding betting destination apart from GMB in the SE Asia. Marina enjoys an established brand and image emerging from the mother company, â€Å"Las Vegas Corp.,† which has long developed many hospitality centers globally. Weaknesses may include constant fluctuations in trade due to varying tourism seasons. The MICE services help in reducing losses as corporate hold functions regularly throughout the year. The MICE and casino services significantly reduce overreliance on a single target group. Marina casino enjoys market opportunities due to litigation of betting by Singapore. The huge annual tourist turnout in the country and its strategic location in the South East Asia provides adequate customer base for the hote l. Threats include competition from GMB, which is also a plush hospitality center located in Sentosa Island. The casino faces competition from the backdoor betting junkets that operate illegally despite government’s stringent regulations on gaming. The current global economic slump is a major threat to the company. This may not favor quality services and expansion into novel markets. Future Marketing Strategy (Objectives/ Activities) The hotel should concentrate on varied segments in the population. There can be an espousal of different service rating mechanism for home and foreign visitors to encourage both. Thi9s will ensure service utilization by almost all segments of population, thus increasing client base and returns. Maximization of cash flow from operating assets can result through organic returns upscale and working effectiveness. Collaboration with organizations, especially tour travel bodies will help in future to attract more customers and satisfy their needs. Thi s will again expand capacity and increase competitive strength. Careful rate fixing will help the hotel to reduce loss of its customers to the competitors like GMB in the future. The company should strive to extend to new feeder markets all over the continent and establish itself as a world’s foremost hospitality service provider in five years time. This is achievable through active and noble means of capital outsourcing from IPO’s, bonds, and engaging in sustainable loaning systems. List of References Ballinger, L. (2010), Dont go off the VERY deep end Infinity pool 55 STOREYS above ground opens in Singapore in dazzling new  £4bn resort. Web. Bowie, D. Buttle, F. (2004), Hospitality Marketing: An introduction, Oxford, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Cohen, M. (2010), Singapore Casinos an Uncertain Bet. Web. Doyle, P. (2008), Value-Based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth and Shareholder Value, Chichester, West Sussex, John Wiley and Sons. Kumar. ( 2010), Mktg of Hospitality Tourism Serv. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Las Vegas Sands Corp. (2010). Annual Report; Marina Bay Sands Singapore April 2010. Web. Macdonald, M. (2008), Malcolm McDonald on Marketing Planning: UnderstandingMarketing Plans and Strategy, Philadelphia, PA, Kogan Page Publishers. Olsen, M. Zhao, J. (2008), Handbook of Hospitality Strategic Management, Massachusetts, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann. Reid, R Bojanic, D (2010), Hospitality marketing management, 5th edition, Hoboken NJ, USA Wiley Sons. The Pulse, (2009), Bigger and Bolder. Issue N. 7. Web. Williams, KS Leech, C. (2004). Creating a Customer Focus CMIOLP, Massachusetts, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann. Wood, R. Brotherton, B. (2008). The Sage handbook of hospitality management, California, CA, SAGE Publications Ltd.

The Life Cycle of Butterflies and Moths

The Life Cycle of Butterflies and Moths All members of the order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths, progress through a four-stage life cycle, or complete metamorphosis. Each stage- egg, larva, pupa, and adult- serves a purpose in the insects development and life. Egg (Embryonic Stage) Once she has mated with a male of the same species, a female butterfly or moth will deposit her fertilized eggs, usually on plants that will serve as food for her offspring. This marks the beginning of the life cycle. Some, like the monarch butterfly, deposit eggs singly, scattering their progeny among the host plants. Others, such as the eastern tent caterpillar, lay their eggs in groups or clusters, so the offspring remain together for at least the early part of their lives. The length of time required for the egg to hatch is dependent on the species, as well as environmental factors. Some species lay winter-hardy eggs in the fall, which hatch the following spring or summer. Larva (Larval Stage) Once development within the egg is completed, a larva hatches from the egg. In butterflies and moths, we also call the larvae (plural of larva) by another name- caterpillars. In most cases, the first meal the caterpillar eats will be its own eggshell, from which it gains essential nutrients. From then on, the caterpillar feeds on its host plant. The newly hatched larva is said to be in its first instar. Once it grows too big for its cuticle, it must shed or molt. The caterpillar may take a break from eating as it prepares to molt. Once it does, it has reached its second instar. Often, it will consume its old cuticle, recycling the protein and other nutrients back into its body. Some caterpillars look just the same, only bigger, each time they reach a new instar. In other species, the change in appearance is dramatic, and the caterpillar may seem to be an entirely different kind. The larva continues this cycle- eat, poop, molt, eat, poop, molt- until the caterpillar reaches its final instar and prepares to pupate. Caterpillars readying for pupation often wander from their host plants, in search of a safe place for the next stage of their lives. Once a suitable site is found, the caterpillar forms a pupal skin, which is thick and strong, and sheds its final larval cuticle. Pupa (Pupal Stage) During the pupal stage, the most dramatic transformation occurs. Traditionally, this stage has been referred to as a resting stage, but the insect is far from at rest, in truth. The pupa does not feed during this time, nor can it move, though a gentle touch from a finger may yield an occasional wiggle from some species. Butterflies in this stage are chrysalides and moths in this stage are cocoons. Within the pupal case, most of the caterpillar body breaks down through a process called histolysis. Special groups of transformative cells, which remained hidden and inert during the larval stage, now become the directors of the bodys reconstruction. These cell groups, called histoblasts, initiate biochemical processes which transform the deconstructed caterpillar into a viable butterfly or moth. This process is called histogenesis, from the Latin words histo, meaning tissue, and genesis, meaning origin or beginning. Once the metamorphosis within the pupal case is completed, the butterfly or moth may remain at rest until the appropriate trigger signals the time to emerge. Changes in light or temperature, chemical signals, or even hormonal triggers may initiate the adults emergence from the chrysalis or cocoon. Adult (Imaginal Stage) The adult, also called the imago, emerges from its pupal cuticle with a swollen abdomen and shriveled wings. For the first few hours of its adult life, the butterfly or moth will pump hemolymph into the veins in its wings to expand them. The waste products of metamorphosis, a reddish liquid called meconium, will be discharged from the anus. Once its wings are fully dried and expanded, the adult butterfly or moth can fly in search of a mate. Mated females lay their fertilized eggs on appropriate host plants, beginning the life cycle anew.