Comparative Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Similar Legal System - Essay Example Promissory estoppel brings standards of reasonableness and value into the condition just because and brings down the bar to permit increasingly casual game plans to have power of law. While it would an exaggeration to state that estoppel subverts customary law rules of considerationâ€because courts have tact whether to apply the teaching or notâ€it positively modifies the essentialness of thought in contract-production. The precept of promissory estoppel forestalls a gathering in a lawful relationship from pulling back a guarantee made to another gathering if the last has depended on that guarantee and followed up on it to their disservice. This precept was revived after numerous decades in indefinite quality by Lord Denning in Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130. For this situation High Trees House rented a square of pads for a rate  £2500 every year from Central London Property Trust. In light of the war and the German bombarding of London it was exceptionally elusive individuals to live in the pads and High Trees was losing a great deal of cash. In 1940, the gatherings settled on an understanding recorded as a hard copy to diminish the lease considerably. The timeframe that this decrease was to last, in any case, was not satisfactory. Throughout the following five years, High Trees paid the decreased rate. At that point, in 1945, the pads were progressively w ell known and full once more. There was a contradiction between the two gatherings and Central London sued for installment of the full rental expenses. In his decision, Lord Denning composed: I am fulfilled that a guarantee, for example, that to which I have alluded is authoritative and the main inquiry staying for my thought is the extent of the guarantee in the current case. I am fulfilled on all the proof that the guarantee here was that the ground lease ought to be diminished to 1,250l. a year as a brief catalyst while the square of pads was not completely, or considerably completely let, inferable from the conditions winning . . . I am fulfilled that the guarantee was comprehended by all gatherings just to apply under the

buy custom Robert E. Lee as a military commander essay

purchase custom Robert E. Lee as a military administrator exposition Robert Edward Lee was conceived on the nineteenth day of January 1807 and satisfied the twelfth day of October 1870. He went to class and graduated second in the West Point class of 1829. He was prepared as a battle designer and used to create ports and harbors and performed amazingly well in his underlying assignments. Lee encountered his first battle during the episode of the war with Mexico and where he had the option to separate himself enduring an onslaught. Lee chose to leave the U.S Army at the time of 54years (1861) and was named as the leader of the territory of Virginias powers (Paterson, 1987). He is most popular for telling the Confederate which he renamed as the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. He showed his exceptional endowments be the capacity to perceive his enemys shortcomings and expectations and judicious choices in control of his powers Lee denoted his underlying accomplishment by turning around George McClellan and his numerically Superior Union armed force when they undermined Richmond (Maslowski, 1987). He emphatically accepted that the alliance could just keep up its independence by assaulting and crushing the Union armed force legitimately. His aptitudes in fortresses created protective accomplishment in 1863 at Fredericksburg and with his splendid counterattack he had the option to develop the hero in a progression of his fights. Dregs achievement was set apart by a progression of occasions where he was utilized as a designer at Baltimore and Washington. He was later designated administrator of West Point during which period he completed numerous significant changes in the foundation before his arrangement as lieut in 1855. Remains achievement didn't stop and kept on being elevated because of the positive aftereffects of his duties and was later made colonel of the first U.SS Calvary. Lee was elevated up to the position of brigadier-general (the most elevated position) in the military. It tends to be said that Lee was effective to the degree of guaranteeing that bondage was annulled by taking part in wars for the enthusiasm of the South. From his accomplishments he merits the honors stood to him by ages of students of history and won a high spot among the antiquarians. Lee got back in the fall of 1865 and expected the administration of Washington College (at present Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. Tragically Lee met his demise while in this University (October 12, 1870) after a genuine battle with a coronary illness. His demonstrable skill, respect and military aptitudes earned him the title military saint in the U.S and left an inheritance that makes him an image of Southern pride. Basically Lee can be depicted as an appealling, splendid and an amiable person. Purchase custom Robert E. Lee as a military officer paper

Legal Mari Guiana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lawful Mari Guiana - Essay Example Then again, a few states, for example, California, Hawaii, Washington and New Jersey among others have passed laws to take into account the residents to develop and utilize pot for clinical purposes. Nations, for example, Mexico, Uruguay, Netherlands and Argentina among others have halfway legitimized the utilization of Marijuana whereby residents are permitted to devour and have certain measures of the medication for recreational purposes (Bakalar, 2007). This paper is a basic assessment of why or why not pot ought to be authorized. Cannabis ought to be legitimized as a method for making incomes for the administration, as far as tax assessment. Neglecting to do so empowers unlawful exchange whereby trustworthy vendors structure associations, through which the item is exchanged mystery and in significant expenses. These illicit street pharmacists keep on enhancing themselves and this propels them and makes it reasonable for them to work and money other unlawful organizations, for example, weapon exchange, human dealing among others, which incorporate crimes, for example, posse brutality. Pundits in this discussion may have overlooked the effect the prohibition on liquor deal and use in the US during the 1920s had on the general public however it might be critical to advise them that it came about to broad unlawful exchange of the item and the development of incredible gatherings, mafia, which exploited the failure of the legislature to authorize the law (Rosenthal, 2003). Indeed, it is accepted this shaped the pr emise of the development of medication lordship in the nation as these cartels had just been acclimated with the worthwhile exchange and thus needed to wander into other comparable organizations once the boycott was lifted and liquor got available in the general market. In this specific circumstance, groups of thugs contend over business sectors whereby one posse claims responsibility for certain domain and at whatever point some other pack part crosses this region looking for clients, savagery ejects prompting

Why Are These Three Little Pigs So Popular?

Why Are These Three Little Pigs So Popular?The essays of Ben Jonson and Jane Jacobs both attest to the popularity of the three little pigs, which are two-legged creatures, a symbol of freedom, in many countries. Many consider the dogs or wolves the proper image for any Englishman or British animal.But history is filled with war speeches, but few of these have been as funny as the story of the three little pigs who sneaked into the royal castle of Windsor and began to destroy all the locks of the king's wardrobe. You might ask why anyone would commit such an act, let alone the three little pigs. Well, that answer lies with the modern Englishman, as the three little pigs may seem like mere toys to us in this society, but they are a warning for the future of our civilisation.We are all of us aware of war speeches, both the good and the bad. We all know about the speeches of Hitler or Mussolini. We all know about the propaganda, or the spread of hate and anger through the media and even the newspapers.And yet we can listen to those speeches and laugh at them, despite the fact that there are millions of people living in these countries. There are wars in these countries, but they do not define the behaviour of the people there. It is only when it comes to our Western democracies that we have an election campaign on which we have to make our choice of the leader and a military campaign which must then go on to defend our country from foreign threats.While we are protected from a serious invasion from the sea, the air and the land, we still live under the constant threat of attacks from other countries, other states. The armies of the third world nations do not see us as their enemy. They see the British and Americans as their enemy, but the enemy that they feel is closest to them.Thus, it is only when it comes to the United States, that we are subjected to the things that are known as big brother. This is a process that must be stopped at all costs, as if it was ever to be allowed to continue, we would have something that is no longer British, but American.If the world becomes too big for the little pigs, if the idea of a free society goes out of the window, then there will be a fall of civilisation. When war is the thing that defines our society, then perhaps we should speak out against such behaviour. Perhaps it is time to use these three little pigs as the basis of a better society.

Profile and Key Facts About President Harry Truman

Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri. He grew up on farms and in 1890 his family settled in Independence, Missouri. He had bad eyesight from a youth but he loved to read having been taught by his mother. He especially liked history and government. He was an excellent piano player. He went to local grade and high schools. Truman did not continue his education until 1923 because he had to help make money for his family. He did attend two years of law school from 1923-24. Fast Facts: Harry S Truman Born: May 8, 1884, Lamar, MODied: December 26, 1972Parents: John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young TrumanTerm of Office: April 12, 1945 - Jan. 20, 1953Spouse: Elizabeth Bess Virginia Wallace (1919)Children: Mary Jane TrumanMajor Events in Office: Atomic Bombs  dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945), end of World War II  (1945), creation of United Nations (1945), Nuremburg Trials (1945-1946), Truman Doctrine  (1947), Taft-Hartley Act (1947), creation of Israel, Marshall Plan  (1948-1952), NATO Treaty (1949), Korean Conflict  (1950-1953), Twenty-Second Amendment Ratified  (1951), Hydrogen Bomb Detonated (1952)Famous Quote: Im going to fight hard. Im going to give them hell. Family Truman was the son of John Anderson Truman, a farmer and livestock trader and active Democrat and  Martha Ellen Young Truman. He had one brother,  Vivian Truman, and one sister, Mary Jane Truman. On  June 28, 1919, Truman married  Elizabeth Bess Virginia Wallace. They 35 and 34, respectively. Together, they had one  daughter, Margaret Truman. She is a singer and a novelist, writing not only biographies of her parents but also mysteries. Harry S Trumans Career Before the Presidency Truman worked at odd jobs after graduating from high school to help his family make ends meet. He helped on his fathers farm from 1906 until he joined the military to fight in World War I. After the war he opened a hat shop which failed in 1922. Truman was made a judge of Jackson Co., Missouri, which was an administrative post. From 1926-34, he was the head judge of the county. From 1935-45, he served as a Democratic Senator representing Missouri. Then in 1945, he assumed the vice presidency. Military Service Truman was a member of the National Guard. In 1917, his unit was called up into regular service during World War I. He served from August 1917 until May 1919. He was made a commander of a Field Artillery unit in France. He was part of the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 and was at Verdun at the end of the war. Becoming the President Truman took over the presidency upon Franklin Roosevelts death on April 12, 1945. Then in 1948, the Democrats were at first unsure about backing Truman but eventually rallied behind him to nominate him to run for president. He was opposed by Republican Thomas E. Dewey, Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond, and Progressive Henry Wallace. Truman won with 49% of the popular vote and 303 of the possible 531 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments of Harry S Truman’s Presidency The war in Europe ended in May, 1945. However, America was still at war with Japan. One of the most important decisions made by Truman or possibly any other president was the use of the  atomic bombs in Japan. He ordered two bombs:  one against Hiroshima  on August 6, 1945 and one against Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Trumans goal was to stop the war quickly avoiding further losses of allied troops. Japan sued for peace on August 10th and surrendered on September 2, 1945. Truman was president during the  Nuremberg Trials  which punished 22 Nazi leaders for numerous crimes including crimes against humanity. 19 of them were found guilty. Also,  the United Nations  was created in order to try and avoid future world wars and to help settle conflicts peacefully. Truman created the  Truman Doctrine  which stated that it was the duty of the U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. America joined with Great Britain to fight against a Soviet blockade of Berlin by airlifting over 2 million tons of supplies to the city. Truman agreed to help rebuild Europe in what was called  the Marshall Plan. America spent over $13 billion dollars to help get Europe back on its feet. In 1948, The Jewish people created the state of Israel in Palestine. The U.S. was among the first to recognize the  new nation. From 1950-53, America participated in the  Korean Conflict. North Korean Communist forces had invaded South Korea. Truman got the UN to agree that the U.S. could expel the North Koreans out of the South. MacArthur was sent in and called for America to go to war with China. Truman would not agree and MacArthur was removed from his post. The U.S. did not achieve its objective in the conflict. Other important issues of Trumans time in office were the  Red Scare, the passage of the 22nd Amendment  limiting a president to two terms,  the Taft-Hartley Act, Trumans Fair Deal, and an  assassination attempt  in 1950. Post Presidential Period Truman decided not to seek reelection in 1952. He retired to Independence, Missouri. He remained active in supporting Democratic candidates for the presidency. He died on December 26, 1972. Historical Significance It was President Truman who made the final decision to use the atomic bombs on Japan to speed up the end of the World War II. His use of the bomb was not only a way to stop what could have been a bloody fight on the mainland but also to send a message to the Soviet Union that the U.S. was not afraid to use the bomb if necessary. Truman was president during the beginnings of the Cold War and also during the Korean War.

Media and Body Image - 729 Words

Ever wonder why more and more teenagers are having issues with their body image? As society grows, more and more young adults are becoming self-conscious about their bodies and how they look. Girls and boys alike are taught, though not verbally how they should look, from celebrities they see on TV to toys they used to play with and magazines they read on a daily basis. Media make being satisfied with how your body looks extremely difficult and it is getting out of hand. More and more young adults are developing eating disorders because they strive for the perfect body. What is body image? Body image is how a person sees themselves, how they think others perceive them and how they feel in their body. Though how a person sees themselves may not be how other people see them. Body image goes hand in hand with self-esteem though they are not the same thing. Self- esteem is having respect for yourself, and being confident in your abilities (Merriam-Webster, 1). A person would assume that t here is no way for children to have issues with body image but, it is something that is completely possible. For young girls this comes in the form of Barbie, while for young boys it comes in the form of G.I Joe. Both toy have unrealistic body proportions if they were to be real humans. The way that Barbie and G.I Joe are portrayed make children want to be them and that is extremely unhealthy. Galia Slayen a Hamilton college student attempted to build a life size Barbie doll. She discoveredShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesknow that the media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image. Research documented adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negat ive body image is because of the impact that the media has had on ourRead MoreMedia and Body Image1118 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has become a powerful source for changes in our society. There are so many factors and reasons for our society changing. Today I find most people obsessively worried about their body image. We all have a body and at one time or another, we worry about it. Women and men are both being affected by media sources such as television, advertising, magazines, music, and video games; not to mention the photo manipulation that goes along with it all. Questions can be asked; such as, â€Å"Is this theRead MoreThe Media Of Body Image2000 Words   |  8 PagesOnce upon a time, you probably liked your body and appreciated the many things it could do, but the route to adulthood, doubts and insecurities may have crept in. The images the media exposures the society to are of thin and beautiful women and extremely muscular men. There are negative affects to what t he media is showing the body image and mood states of young women and men. The mass media is designed to reach large audiences through the use of technology. From the moment nations wakes up untilRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Image1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of body image is influenced by external factors as culture, society norms, especially with the development of modern social media, it has grown up to be an important element in affecting the perception of body image to shape the body image. The influence of mass media may be related to the social comparison process of appearance in female and male. The ideal media body image, it is easy to compare in everyday life, and that will result to dissatisfaction with people s body size. On theRead MoreMedia Vs. Body Image1374 Words   |  6 Pages029 October 17, 2015 Media vs. the body Image Body image remains to be a very controversial topic in today’s society, because of how easy it is to become a hate crime over a small comment on how small or big someone’s body is. Today, it is unavoidable to see the look that it seems society wants us to look. Professor Susan Bordo writes the article, â€Å"Never Just Pictures†, describing her investigation between the media and its effects on how people view their bodies. She uses ethos, logos, andRead MoreThe Media and Body Image Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has at least one TV, the internet, and a cell phone. You cannot drive down the street without seeing billboard signs. Checking out at the grocery store can be tricky if trying to avoid magazines. There are more forms of media available today then ever before; consequentlyRead MoreMedia Effects On Body Image Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesSpecific age groups and mostly women have been studied regarding media effects on body image. These studies did not test the external stimuli created by peer groups that have an impact on a person’s self-idealization. This study addressed individual age groups divided by gender in order to determine how much media effects body idealization and if gender peer group opinions impact self-idealization when viewing media models. Methods The methods used in this study incorporated individuals into groupsRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1484 Words   |  6 Pages Media has developed to become omnipresent in the day to day lives of the westernized societies. The media is considered a gigantic umbrella that houses a plethora of different outlets underneath it such as television, music videos, magazines, commercials, video games and social media. In this paper, the effects of media and various media types are examined to understand their potential outcomes. Focusing on how and if media affects body image in girls and women, the themes of dieting awarenessRead MoreMedia Effects Body Image1656 Words   |  7 PagesApril 6, 2014 The Effects of Mass Media on African American Women Body Images Over the past 10 years, mass media and the access to social networks has evolved substantially causing the effects of negative self-image and what is considered beautiful. Body image expectations for both African-American male and female share the battles of society’s expectations, yet African American women body images come with a stricter and more unhealthy stigma; growth of social media such as Facebook, Instagram andRead MoreEffects of Media on Body Image855 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of Media on Body Image Discussion This study was conducted to analyze the impact of media, mainly fashion magazines, on how women perceived the idealized body weight and shape as well as the impact of media on the decision to diet or initiate an exercise program. Twenty working class women were given questionnaires at different times. The exposure to fashion magazines was assessed by determining whether the participant was a high level frequency viewer of fashion magazines, viewing them

Developing a Communication Plan Vertical Flow

Question: Discuss about the Report for Developing a Communication Plan of Vertical Flow. Answer: Introduction Communication is a process of sharing information between two or more parties. It entails expressing ones feelings or requirement through communicative media such as gesture, audio, behaviours, written notices and many more (Al Darmaki, 2015). There are channels within which communication can takes place. For instance, in a company some information experiences a vertical flow; movement of information, notices or orders from the managerial board downward to the employees and the backflow of feedback. Such flow are called channels of communication. The channels can be categorised under informal, formal and unofficial communication which eventually forms a communication plan. A communication plan is a set of mechanisms describing how results of an evaluation are communicated. This project aims at coming up with an effective communication plan for the launch of an innovative car by Toyota Motor Group. Communication According to Vousden (2014), Communication is a fundamental aspect in a society, especially in environments where people depend on one another for survival. In other words, it is a way of linking individuals or places (Communication, 2015). In Toyota Motor Corporations healthy communication is a universal responsibility of all the stakeholders. This is because stakeholders are the determinants of the companys outlook. Being a global firm within the automotive market, Toyotas corporate social and communication responsibilities that bring to board many stakeholders who also have distinct demands and interests. Like any other organisation, stakeholders in Toyota Motor groups are the employees, customers, investors, the community and the operational environment (Kyodo News International, 2009). Every stakeholder contributes to the kind of relationship that the firm has. Peaceful existence in a company can be achieved by healthy communication. Therefore, consumers must learn how to commun icate effectively with the firms employees in order to create a conducive environment for better services (Robinson et al., 2016). Similarly, investors must also communicate appropriately with the society members so as to be accommodated to enhance their investments. Channels of Communication Just like any other company, Toyota Motor Company Group have three main channels of communication. The first charnel is formal, which involves critical utilisation of the formal communication that exists in the company (PR, 2015). This type of communication involves vertical move of information in the company. Information is collected at the lower level of the organisation and utilised to until it reaches the management board for analysis and decision making. Such information may entail the demands of consumers, from the community or junior employees (First TomiĆ¡, 2011). Such information are critical hence, should be treated with great care as they dictates the basic operation of the firm and hence, the targeted market. At the same time, orders should also flow appropriately from the managerial table to the lower level of the firm. Formal communication channel also allows horizontal transfer of information. Here, same levels of the firm share information (Van den Boer et al., 2016). According to Johnson et al. (1994), not all information within the firm fits within the formal communication charnel. Others are informal, a situation that made the firm to come up with informal communication charnel. All in all the two types of communication channels are geared towards the same purpose of moulding good relationships between firms stakeholders (Tenhil Salvador, 2014). Informal communication always exist in a formal communication environment and Toyota operational locality being one, its informal communication forms a relaxed communication atmosphere that encourages useful discussions between employees (Weedman, 1992). It also accommodate managers who walks around the firm, supervising or responding to queries of employees. Therefore, such managers are required to hands and come up with a good communication strategy that enables them to approach workers accordingly and tackle their queries appropriately. Other types of interactions within the firm quality circles, tr aining programs and team works (De Oliveria, 1996). These communication falls outside the chain of command. Even though informal communication is of benefit to the firm, it may cause disruptions along the chain of command. However, this is a small problem; it can be handled appropriately with the help of skilled managers to earn more advantages (Butler, 1994). It is also important to state that some information circulation within the firm are unofficial i.e. discussions on sports, politics and shows. These type of communications forms the companys grapevine that initiate the circulation of rumours which are also important information that have invaded the current world hence, must be accepted within a well ordered society. Through rumours, the firm gets hidden information that can be used for numeration of new strategies to face the market now that the firm is on launch of a new product. Equally important, people who participate in grapevine communications apparently create groups t hat transforms into friendship outside the firm. Such friendships help in creating a good environment for the firms operations. While the positive aspect of grapevine information is evident, sometimes they contain exaggerated information that can as well cause unnecessary disruptions. However, this is a non-issue for a firm with a good manager who is attentive and skilled to handle all form of communication and direct them toward the line of benefit. Communication Plan A communication plan is a set of mechanisms describing how results of an evaluation are communicated. It is designed do to; address various dimensions and aspects of analysing the evaluation results and to give directions in the process of effective sharing results among diriment stakeholders. The document also describes whom the associate communication shall be tackled i.e. stakeholders, how to accomplish the set objective and how to measure them. Furthermore, the plan is set to comprise of communication tools such as online communication gargets, surveys, speeches, signage, annual reports and many more. To this effect, as the new head of communications for a publically listed company, I am assigned to develop a communication plan for the launch of an innovative car which is also aimed at expanding the companys market apart from attracting more profits. According to the firms vision and mission statement, this communication plan has the following objectives; to begin with, because t he firm aims at winning the global loyalty and increasing the support from various communities, the main objective is to boost membership by 10 percent. It is also aimed at adding more directors and obtaining more funds from the community. Other objectives includes encouraging effective media publicity of the companys activities and informing the entire community on the importance of this new car to the company and to the society as a whole. I begum my plan formation by analysing the firms annuals budgeting and the planning to ensure that my plan is up to date in order to suit every stakeholder. Toyotas mission statement and communication audit are also vital. They form important sources for my communication plan (Frehsee, 2013) . I then proceeded to conduct a survey by borrowing ideas from other leaders and departmental heads. Thereafter, I conducted a detailed research-communication audit where I evaluated the current communications to know areas to adjust or eliminate. Observe what various stakeholder are doing as far as communication is concerned is equally important. To incorporate all aspects of the firm into the plan, I brainstormed with the communication department, borrow information regarding communication and went further to interview relevant persons such as the executive staff and the board. After this step, I obtained a complete communication plan that was far much stable. After drafting the final copy, I p roduced enough copies and supplies to various departments. Evaluation A communication plan can only be considered effective after evaluation and results come out positive. Coming up with the plan is just but the fast step, while evaluation in a second step; may be the final or even require a retake of the process from the drawing board (JITÄ‚REANU et al., 2015). Evaluation is important as it further helps to improve the effectiveness of the plan by identify weak area for appropriate adjustments. It hence, enable realisation of the intended outcome. Therefore, a good communication plan is not complete until an evaluation is done and its effectiveness range within a better percentage (IPA, 2014). In evaluation, I identified critical areas to evaluate because evaluating every aspect of the plan is extremely difficult. To ensure this, I chosen and examined the effectiveness of the plan in areas of high communication investments such as product promotion programs. Finding After examining and carrying out a survey and interviews on the new communication plan, it was observable that the firms communication standard has improved greatly. To begin with, the level of relationship between the firms stakeholders have moved to a higher level. The community as also maintained a conducive environment for the firms operations, indicating that there is a good communication between the two groups. This improvement is considered the major achievement of the firms communication, curacy of the new communication plan. Recommendations Unlike before, my communication plan has enable Toyota Company to have a good communication system; a vital and a promising tool that meets all the objectives of communication. Therefore, it is important to nature it through the following recommendations. First, there should be high level of empowerment and transparency within the firm. Information empowerment will motivate workers to accomplish their duties with direction and confidence. The firm should also nature a healthy culture by exercising high level of respect among all stakeholders irrespective of the level. With the healthy culture, people will not only feel respected but also understood hence, free to make any productive query. Giving clear orders is equally important as it helps to eliminate stress among workers (Barker Angelopulo, 2006). It will hence, the firm will create an enjoyable environment making workers to work faster, effective and create good relationship and communication among everybody within the firm. Conclusion This project has defined communication plan alongside communication, giving an elaboration on how I have come up with a communication plan that will help Toyota Company to improve its communication at the crucial moment of the launch of a new product. It started bringing to light the concept of communication in general, which is an important aspect in the society. Communication channels in Toyota Company are also identified. These channels can be divided under informal and formal communication where the latter accommodate vertical flow of information while the former deals with horizontal communication. The project has also shown that some information are unofficial but are equally important as they contain secretes of benefit. On Therefore, the firms communication managers should be attentive and aggressive to any form of information, and well equipped with ways of utilising them. On its nature, Communication plan is a set of mechanisms describing how results of an evaluation are co mmunicated (Stamoulis, 2002). It is designed do to perform the following roles; address the various dimensions and aspects of analysing the evaluation results, give directions in the process of effective sharing results among diriment stakeholders within the firm, and to give answers to questions such as how findings can be shared effectively among people within and around the firm, importance of communication, availability and good use of communication sources, the target of communication and how the key staff are carrying out communication. On its nature, the report has identified communication plan as a set of mechanisms describing how results of an evaluation are communicated. It is designed do to address dimensions and aspects of analysing the evaluation results, give directions in the process of effective sharing results among deferent stakeholders within the firm. It should also provide answers to specific questions such as how findings can be shared effectively among people within and around the firm. Having been promoted to the head of communication, I had to be responsible and come up with the most effective communication plan. After coming up with the plan, the project gives evaluation steps which was much evolving; survey is done areas where communication is much invested, revealing that the plan is very effective hence can serve all stakeholders including employees, the staff, customers and the community as a whole. Being an important tool, the project has recommended the following to ensure that the firms co mmunication remains effective; the organisation should nature high level of empowerment and transparency within to motive workers to accomplish their duties with direction and confidence. It should also have a healthy culture that promotes respect all through the companys levels. To the managerial staff, their orders should be clear to create enjoyable working environment that will in turn make workers to work faster, effective and create good relationship and communication in the organisation. References (2009, March 7). 3 Japanese insurers eye doubling overseas sales after merger. Kyodo News International (Japan). Al Darmaki, A. R. (2015). A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING KEY SUCCESS FACTORS AND ITS REQUIRED PROFESSIONAL SKILLS - CASE STUDY OF ABU DHABI POLICE GHQ. International Journal Of Sales, Retailing Marketing, 4(7), 17-84. Anreder, E. (2015). Communicating the Value of Your Benefits. Benefits Magazine, 52(5), 28. Barker, R., Angelopulo, G. (2006).Integrated organisational communication. Cape Town: Juta Academic. Butler, H. J. (1994). The Electronic Journal: A Viable Channel for Formal Scholarly Communication?. Proceedings Of The ASIS Mid-Year Meeting, 58-70. Communication. (2015)., BusinessDictionary. Obtained from https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/communication.html De Oliveria, M. (1996). Formal channels for anthropologic knowledge communication produced in Brazil. Ciencia Da Informacao, 25(3), 368-374. First, I., TomiĆ¡, M. (2011). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IN CREATING CORPORATE BRAND IMAGE AND PREFERENCE. Trziste / Market, 23(1), 45-61. Frehsee, N. (2013). Loud and Clear. PM Network, 27(7), 16-17. IPA., (2014). How to evaluate the effectiveness of your communications plans. Retrieved from https://www.ipa.co.uk/news/how-to-evaluate-the-effectiveness-of-your-communications-plans#.V9VYtIZ97IU JITÄ‚REANU, A. F., GNDU, E., CHIRAN, A. (2015). PLANNING THE MARKETING ACTIVITY ON THE ROMANIAN FOOD MARKET (CASE STUDY AT S.C. KOSAROM S.A. PAÃ…Å ¾CANI). Agronomy Series Of Scientific Research / Lucrari Stiintifice Seria Agronomie, 58(2), 233-238. Johnson, J. D., Donohue, W. A., Atkin, C. K., Johnson, S. (1994). Differences Between Formal and Informal Communication Channels. Journal Of Business Communication, 31(2), 111-122. PR, N. (2015, September 29). Email still a popular communication channel, but many businesses struggle to maximize results. PR Newswire US. Robinson, L., Segal, J., Smith, M., (2016). Effective communication. HELPGUID.COM Rogers, T., Creasy, T. (2016). Four elements necessary for effective inter-team communication Wit and Humor. Supervision, 77(8), 3. Stamoulis, D., Kanellis, P., Martakos, D. (2002). An approach and model for assessing the business value of e-banking distribution channels: evaluation as communication. International Journal Of Information Management, 22(4), 247. Tenhil, A., Salvador, F. (2014). Looking Inside Glitch Mitigation Capability: The Effect of Intraorganizational Communication Channels. Decision Sciences, 45(3), 437-466. doi:10.1111/deci.12076 Van den Boer, Y., Arendsen, R., Pieterson, W. (2016). In search of information: Investigating source and channel choices in business-to-government service interactions. Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 40. doi:10.1016/j.giq.2015.11.010 Vousden, C. L., Sapru, S., Johnson, J. E. (2014). Communicating About Biomonitoring and the Results of a Community-Based Project: A Case Study on One States Experience. Journal Of Environmental Health, 77(5), 20. Weedman, J. (1992). Informal and Formal Channels in Boundary-Spanning Communication. Journal Of The American Society For Information Science, 43(3), 257-267.

The Roles and Barriers of Curriculum Leaders an Example of the Topic Scholarship by

The Roles and Barriers of Curriculum Leaders Leadership is experienced everywhere in the world, it is seen in organisations, schools, governments, small groups as well as in families. It enables a system to run well, effectively and with a sense of direction. Leadership therefore is not about power, accomplishments or what we do but it is about creating a domain in which human beings continually deepen their understanding of reality and become more capable of participating in the world and creating new realities. Need essay sample on "The Roles and Barriers of Curriculum Leaders" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The functions that enables school systems and the schools to achieve goals and ensure quality of students in what they study and learn is therefore referred to as curriculum leadership. Supervisors, principles, classroom teachers and team leaders can all work together to discharge these responsibilities as the functions are goals oriented and the ultimate goal is to maximise student learning by providing quality learning content therefore making a distinction between curriculum, that is what is learnt and instruction which is the content taught. (Fullan 2004) Several theories in regard to leadership have been developed by philosophers from different schools of thought. (Gary 2001) came up with various leadership theories which focus on characteristics and behavioural success of leaders. These theories try to explain leadership and the different approaches used by leaders to effectively lead others. College Students Often Tell Us: How much do I have to pay someone to make my essay today? Specialists advise: Get Academic Writing At Reasonable Price With Us Cheap Essays Within Hours Write My Essay For Me Cheap Write My Essay Online Cheap Writing Service Reviews Contingency theory developed by Fred Fielder focuses on situations which affect a leaders effectiveness. The situations are such as leader-member relationship, which refer to the degree of confidence subordinates have in their leader. Another situation is task structure which refers to the degree to which followers works is routine in contrast to non routine and the final one is position power which include rewards and punishments associated with leaders formal authority, position and support that he or she receives from supervisors. The second theory is contingency theory which states that the most successful leaders are those who increase subordinate motivation by making sure they have control of outcome, reward them for their performance, encouraging them to achieve group and organisational goals and take into account their characteristics and the type of work they do. This theory explains why people perform well where their efforts are recognised by their leaders. For example in institutions where students are rewarded for their good work, there is usually stiff competition for the reward and this therefore improves the performance of the students Leader-style theory by Vroom and Yetton describes ways which leaders can make decisions and guide them to determine the extent to which subordinates should participate in decision making. The theory holds that organisational decisions should be of quality and subordinates should accept and be committed to the decisions made. The final theory is Hersey and Blachard theory which identifies three dimensional approaches for assessing leadership effectiveness; leaders should exhibit leadership and task behaviour, leader effectiveness depends on how his or her leadership style interrelates with the situational finally willingness and readiness of an employee to do a task. Leaders are on day to day basis faced with many roles which make them to be effective. These roles enable them to be able to handle the students and persons who are their juniors and allow them interact directly with team members. Curriculum leaders have both managerial roles as well as leadership roles. Managerial roles stresses on the role of leaders as custodians of institutions and also as a source of control of their institutions. The leaders should be able to manage all the curriculum activities of their institutions and ensure that they are running well and well adopted by the students. On the other hand, leadership roles stress on being the role model and making sure that there is discipline and sanity in the institutions. This creates a good picture to the community surrounding them and therefore holds a high level of respect from the people dealing with them as well as the community at large. This role also deals with improvement of instructional practice and performance which enables the curriculum leaders to be coalition builders as well as brokers among the perse interests of both the students and teachers of their institutions. Another role of curriculum leaders include monitoring team members behaviours and take action if needed in respect to team performance (Hackman 2002). The leader is meant to monitor performance and progress towards task accomplishment and if problems are discovered the leader should gather information to determine the nature of the problem and use it to implement an effective solution (Hackman 2002). Another role of curriculum leaders includes focusing on the enactment of team orientation which includes factors with motivational implications (that is promoting shared goals creating positive effect and shaping perceptions). Orientation represents effective bonds that connect members to the team and its mission. Team coherence represent team members collective bond and is also part of this role and includes development of linked inpidual goals checking team strategies and a compatible network of role expectations across team members. As (Koslowski 1996a) states team leaders have the role of building a new team. He or she should develop them into a coherent, seamless and well integrated work unit as the ongoing teams experience outflows and inflows overtime. Therefore as new replacements are brought to the team, there is need to socialise, assimilate them and make sure that they fit in the team. The other roles of curriculum leaders in schools are; One is to create a moral purpose which is a social responsibility to others and to the environment. School leaders with a moral purpose make a difference in the lives of their student. They are determined to close the gap between high performing and lower performing schools and students as they have the intension of making a positive difference in their schools. Another role is to improve relations as it leads to betterment of schools. The leaders should build relationships with perse groups and people who think differently. As cultural change principal knows that building relationships and teams is a difficult skill, he or she should therefore work hard to develop full range of emotional intelligence domains and self management of emotions and empathy towards others. This not only boost scores for the next year but also lays a foundation for two years and beyond (Fullan 2004) knowledge creating and sharing is another role of leaders. Leaders should share and seek knowledge to ensure continual learning which add to students knowledge base. Curriculum leaders should appreciate that it is a both intellectual and moral profession therefore he or she should remember that they are engaged in practising, studying and refining the teaching craft. Effective leaders should be coherent makers (Fullan 2004), understanding the change process, ability to build relationships and creating and knowledge sharing help create coherence through checks and balances embedded in their interaction. Leaders with deep moral purpose provide guidance but can also be blinders if their ideas are not challenged by change dynamics, give and take relationships and ideas generated by new knowledge. Leadership and sustainability is another role faced by curriculum leaders. They can attain sustainability by developing social environment, learning in context, cultivating leaders at all levels and enhancing the teaching profession. According to (Collins 2001), an organisation cannot flourish for long with the top leader alone, schools therefore need leaders at many levels, curriculum leaders therefore has the responsibility of developing leaders from the lowest to the to level of education. To be able to deal with complex problem leaders need many years of experience and professional development of the job and to a certain extent, a school leaders effectiveness in creating a culture of sustained change will be determined by the leaders he leaves behind. Leadership succession is also likely if there are many leaders at all levels hence organisations should set their sight on continual improvement at all levels by nurturing, cultivating and appointing successive leaders who are moving in a sustained direction. It is also the role of curriculum leaders to set policies which should be followed by students. The policies can be achieved by setting performance targets, approve standards, monitor school performance, adjudicate conflicts over design performance issues, administer rewards and buffer non instructional issues, this enables smooth running of the system and therefore reduce their work load. Curriculum leaders also have professionals which include developing standards and setting new instructional practices, design pre-service and in-service learning, conducting model professional development and creating benchmarks for practice and content. The final role of curriculum leaders in schools is to enhance the teaching profession. This is because there will only be a pool of quality principals and leaders if we have a large pool of quality teachers who form ranks of the quality principals (Elmore, 2000). Despite the important leadership and managerial roles experienced by curriculum leaders, there are several barriers that they experience which hinders the full implementation of their roles. One of the barriers is the problem with the standard setting in curriculum which is set by staff officials who are already removed from schools and free from accountability. These standards are often not supported with other systematic changes like new approaches to teacher education therefore the standards are often fragmented and contradictory making it difficult for curriculum leaders, (Woolfolk 1994). In conclusion, the curriculum system complication is also another barrier which represents an almost impossible task for curriculum leaders. The complications faced also force the students to master several benchmarks which therefore make the system hard for both the student and the curriculum leaders.Curriculum leaders of late experience cultural barriers and difficulties when undertaking their leadership roles, this is due to lark of training on the many different cultural values and practices for different students and this therefore creates a misunderstanding between the student and his or he leader. The leaders should therefore have their own lessons on different cultures and how to handle students of different levels and races so as to ensure easy management of his or her duties. Learn more: ApplicationResponse to the ResumeWriting a research paper Bibliography Elmore Richard 1996, Restructuring in the classroom: teaching, learning and school management, Jessey Bass, Sanfransisco. Michael Fullan 2004 Moral imperative of school leadership, Corwin press ISBN 1412914779. Richard Hackman 2002, leading teams, Harvard business school press, London Richard .F Elmore 2000 Building a new structure for school leadership, Albert Shanker institute New York. Woolfolk Hoy, A. & Hoy, W. K 2006 Instructional Leadership: A research-based guide to learning in schools 2nd ed.Boston MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Explore Shakespeares presentation of Romeo Essays

Explore Shakespeares presentation of Romeo Essays Explore Shakespeares presentation of Romeo Essay Explore Shakespeares presentation of Romeo Essay Explore Shakespeares presentation of Romeo: Romeo and Juliet, the story of two star crossed lovers. The story begins by telling us about the Montagues and the Capulets.Two households both alike in dignityMeaning the Montagues and Capulets are both at the same social position, which is assumed to be rather high. The families have both been enemies, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny.Romeo attends a Capulet ball, where he meets Juliet, and little does he know that she is a Capulet, he falls in love with her almost immediately. However, shortly after their meeting they both discover each others names and realize that they are family enemies.My only love, sprung from my only hate. Juliet says, soon after her meeting with Romeo.Their family conflict grounds many problems for their doomed love. The two, without knowledge of their parents marry in secret. However Juliets father has found the perfect match for her, a radiant young man named, Paris. This causes a lot of problems for Rome o and Juliet, and their love for each other, which started out as a happy moment in time, starts to go awfully wrong. Romeo is first introduced as a untroubled and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve young man, and over the next 3 days he is faced with serious issues and has to deal with some of the major events in his life, such as falling in love, getting married, murder, dealing with banishment and death, and finally taking his own life as he cant live without the girl he loves.At the beginning of the play Romeos father and mother are talking to his Cousin, their nephew, Benvolio. Romeos father is concerned about Romeos behavior, and says that he seems unhappy.Shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out, and makes himself an artificial nightRomeo is behaving in a strange way, but it is clear that he is discontented about something. His father wants to help but Romeo is being so secretive it is impossible to find out what is wrong: But to himself so secret and so closeBenvolio tells Romeos parents he will go and talk to him, and them that he will try and find out what is wrong with Romeo.Romeo tells him that he is in love with a girl, but his love is not returned. Romeo seems to be melancholy and confused about this. He tells Benvolio he is hurt. Benvolio asks him what her name is, but he avoids the question but tells Benvolio that she beautiful, O she is rich in beauty. Benvolio tells him Examine other beauties. He wants Romeo to forget about this girl, there are plenty other beauties. Be ruled by me, forget to think of her.In Act1, scene 2, we find out that the beauty Romeo is in love with is called Rosaline. We also discover that the Capulets are holding a feast, a ball. A servant has a list of names of people invited to the ball. Romeo and Benvolio meet him. Romeo sees that Rosalines name is on the list. Benvolio then persuades Romeo to go to the ball, so he can compare Rosaline to other beauties. Compare her face with some that I shall show, and I will make thee think t hy swan a crow Romeo questions Benvolio: One fairer than my love? Romeo strongly disagrees that there will be a girl with more beauty than Rosaline, but Benvolio tells him that he only think she is so beautiful beacause there was nobody else to compare her with: Tut you saw her fair, none else being by. Romeo agrees to go to the ball to prove him wrong.Act 1, scene 4, just before the Capulet ball. Romeo is miserable; he is still upset over Rosaline, and also worried about how they are going to explain themselves for being at a Capulet party without invitations. Mercutio, Romeos best friend, and Benvolio try to cheer him up, but with little success. They try to get Romeo to enjoy himself but he is reluctant to enjoy himself as he is feeling so depressed. Is love a tended thing? It is too rough, too boisterous, and it pricks like a thorn This is how Romeo is feeling. He has been hurt by love, It pricks like a thorn.Mercutio still tries to encourage Romeo to unwind by joking with him. At the end of this scene Romeo saysI fear too early, for my mind misgives,Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars,Shall bitterly begin this fearful date,With this night revels, and expire the term,Of a despised life closed in my breast,By some vile forfeit of untimely deathRomeo thinks that is written in the stars that the events of the night will lead him to die an early death. He believes that he has mortgaged his life for love.In Act1, scene 5, Romeo sees Juliet for the first time. He asks a serving man who she is What ladys that which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight The serving man does not know and Romeo still doesnt get an answer. He is unaware that Juliet is a Capulet.O she doth teach torches to burn bright Romeo is stunned by Juliets beauty. Romeo uses beautiful phrases to express his feelings and thoughts on Juliet. He immediately falls for Juliet. Did my heart love till now? Forswear is sight, for I neer saw true beauty till this night.Tybalt spots Romeo at his pa rty and informs his uncle Capulet. Capulet tells him to behave himself and not to make mutiny among his guests. Tybalt reluctantly agrees but seeks revenge.Romeo approaches Juliet and speaks to her for the first time. He wants to kiss her straight away, To smooth that rough touch, with a tender kiss. They kiss. Juliet says that he kiss by th book meaning he is a good kisser. The nurse interrupts them, telling Juliet that her mother wishes to speak with her. Romeo asks the nurse who Juliet is. He discovers that she is a Capulet, a family enemy.Is she a Capulet? O dear account, my life is my foes debt?Romeo leaves the party. Juliet also asks what Romeos name is, and the nurse replies, His name is Romeo, and a Montague, the only son of your great enemyJuliet is distressed to learn that her love is the offspring of her family enemy, the Montagues.My only love sprung form my only hate, too early seen unknown, and know too late Juliet means she fell in love with Romeo before she found out his name, and its too late now for her to change her feelings.As Romeo is leaving the party he realizes he is so in love with Juliet, he has to go back to the Capulet Mansion to try and find her. He climbs over the wall into the Capulet orchard. He sees Juliet in the moonlight in an upstairs window. It is the east, and Juliet is the sun To Romeo, Juliet is so bright, and so beautiful; he compares her to the sun. Arise fair sun and kill the envious moon Romeo says that the moon is jealous of her maid Juliet because she is more beautiful. The things he says about Juliet show how much he adores and admires her.Juliet appears, thinking she is on her own, and speaks aloud of her love for Romeo. She talks of how their family names cause problems for them.O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? Juliet means, Why are you called Romeo Montague? And not another name?She speaks of how Romeo would still be the same person even if he werent a Montague.That which we call a rose, by any other w ord, would smell just as sweetRomeo surprises her when he answers to her thoughts.Juliet says to him So stumblest on my counsel? Meaning he has heard her private thought which she was saying out loud. Juliet asks him how he got there, as the orchard walls are hard to climb. Romeo replies, For stony limits cannot hold out love Romeo is saying that the wall cant keep him away from her. Juliet informs him that if anyone sees him there he will be murdered. Romeo says My life were better ended by their hate, than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. He tells Juliet that he rather be killed by their hatred for him, rather than go on living, waiting for death without her love.She wants Romeo to tell her that he loves her, but she doesnt want any lies. If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfullyJuliet is frightened that Romeo will think she is too forward. In truth fair Montague, I am too fond. An therefore thou mayst think my haviour light She thinks that girls who have skill will play har d to get. The nurse calls Juliet. As she is about to leave Romeo says, O wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied. He begs Juliet to at least exchange vows of love with him. Juliet says she gave him hers before he even requested them.Romeo and Juliet decided to marry. Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence, a man he trusts and has a lot of respect for. He asks for Friar Lawrence to marry him and Juliet. Friar Lawrence senses that Romeo has been out all night, and he questions him. Romeo tells him of his new love for Juliet, a Capulet. Friar Lawrence is surprised that Romeo has fallen for the offspring of his enemy, and also in the sudden change of Romeos attitude and feelings. Just recently he had been upset, confused, and hurt, still in, what he had called love, with Rosaline. He points out that his love for Rosaline must have not been true, and was just infatuation; For doting, not for loving, pupil mine.Young mens love then lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes He mean that maybe Rome o thought he loved Rosaline because she was beautiful, and not really for her-his love wasnt in his heart- but in his eyes.Romeo agrees, and realizes his love for Juliet is true. He understands what he felt for Rosaline must have been infatuation. Friar Lawrence also saysThy love did read by rote, that could not spellHe mean that Romeos love for Rosaline, was like someone who, reads, by learning the story off by heart but cannot spell out the letters of what is written.Friar Lawrence accepts that Romeos love for Juliet may be true love, and also might bring their quarrelling families to peace, so he agrees to marry them. It is arranged for Juliet to go to Friar Lawrences cell to be married.After their exchange of vows, Romeo arrives whilst a small quarrel between Tybalt and Mercutio. Tybalt insults Romeo to get a reaction, to provoke him, but as Romeo has just married Juliet, he doesnt want to cause any more problems with his new relation. He keeps calm and doesnt accept Tybalts off er for a fight; Villain I am none. Therefore farewell, I thou knowest me not. Romeo tries telling Tybalt he isnt a bad person, not a villain, and that Tybalt obviously doesnt know him well, he says farewell, he doesnt want to fight. Mercutio is irritated by Romeos cowardliness and challenges Tybalt. They fight. In all the perplexity and confusion, Mercutio is stabbed by Tybalt. He suffers from a fatal wound and dies almost immediately. Romeo is distraught. His best friend, killed by his wifes cousin, and now a relation to him. Romeo is incredibly distressed, and angry with this, and in a rage of fury kills Tybalt.The Montagues and the Capulets have been given punishments from the Prince. The Capulets feel that Romeo should be given a death sentence, but the Prince explains that he only did what the law would have required anyway; the death of Tybalt. Both families are heavily fined, and Romeo is banished from Verona. If he is seen is Verona ever again he will be executed.Both Juliet and Romeo are distraught by this. They feel as if Romeo has been given a death sentence. Will Juliet ever see her new husband again? Oh break, my heart, poor bankrupt, break at once Her heart has lost all its possessions and she feels broke. Tybalt and Romeo have gone.Juliet is confused. She is troubled by the variance of loyalties. The nurse tries to comfort Juliet by criticizing Romeo, but Juliet turns on her. This shows that Juliet obviously feels more for Romeo than she does for Tybalt. Juliet is upset because she thinks she will still be a virgin on her wedding night as she will not be able to see Romeo. The more she thinks about it, the more upset she gets.Whilst at Friar Lawrences cell, Romeo says that his banishment might as well be a death sentence, if he isnt able to be with Juliet any longer. He is completely distraught.Tis torture and not mercy. Heaven is here where Juliet livesThey both receive a visit from the Nurse. She tells Romeo that Juliet is overcome with misery and is crying over the death of her cousin, Tybalt, and the banishment of her loved one, Romeo. Romeo feels as if it is his fault that Juliet is in a miserable state, he doesnt want her to ever have to go through something like this, and he tries to stab himself. Friar Lawrence tells him to pull himself together, as Juliet and him are both still alive, and he still has hope. They plan for Romeo to go to Mantua until things are sorted out. The Nurse arranges a time so Romeo can spend the night with Juliet.The next morning Juliet tries to persuade Romeo to stay. He says he will accept her judgment but he will be risking his life. Juliet then sees it would be best for him to go. This is the only proper time both Romeo and Juliet have together, and Juliet must be sad to see Romeo leave, but she understands what the consequences of him staying are. Romeo only spends one night with his new wife, before he has to leave, he also must feel sad.Farwell, farewell, one kiss and ill descend.Thi s is the last time Romeo and Juliet kiss before their ill-fated destiny takes place.Juliets mother enters her room just as Romeo leaves, and notifies her about her marriage to a radiant young man, named Paris. Juliet is dismayed and tells her mother she refuses to marry Paris. Her Father also enters the room, and she repeats her refusal to him. Her father is livid with her and tells her she is to marry Paris or he will disown her.Juliet is extremely upset and turns to the nurse for help. Oh God! O Nurse how shall this be prevented? She is upset because when she married Romeo she made a promise that she would be faithful to him.Juliet later visits Friar Lawrences cell, and informs him on what happened. Juliet tells him that she would rather kill herself than be married to Paris.Father Lawrence gives her a potion. Juliet is to drink this and it should send her to sleep and make it look like she is dead. She will be taken to the family vault and hopefully wake up to Romeo who will take her to Mantua with him. The Friar will tell Romeo by letter what will be happening. Juliet agrees to this.Meanwhile in Mantua, Romeo never received a letter, but learns other news from his servant. He is told what everyone else think, which is the wrong information. Balthasar tells him that Juliet is dead.Romeo is heartbroken. He thinks the girl he loves, his wife, is not alive anymore, and he will never be able to be with her again. Then I defy you, stars The stars have intended that Juliet shall die and be taken away from Romeo. He is determined not to let that happen. Romeo does not want to live without Juliet; Well Juliet, I will lie with thee tonight. He is willing to take his own life just so he can be with her forever.Romeo goes to an apothecary who is very poor and will be willing to sell him some poison, even though this is illegal. The poison Romeo buys is strong enough to kill twenty men.Romeo makes his way to Juliets tomb and finds Paris there. The two men fight, and Ro meo Kills him. Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet Before Paris died he asked to be placed next to his love, Juliet. It is only then Romeo realizes who he has killed; Mercutios kinsman, noble county Paris!Death, lie thou there, by a dead man interred Romeo is saying that he will kill himself, but he feels dead already, now that he thinks Juliet is gone.Romeo sees Juliet. He is struck by her beauty.Ah dear Juliet, Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believe that unsubstantial death is amorous? He means bodiless death is in love with Juliet. Swearing that he will stay with her forever, Romeo swallows the poison.Friar Lawrence arrives at the vault, and its at this time Juliet wakes up. Friar Lawrence tells her what has happened, and tries to hurry her out, but she refuses to leave. She to, would rather be dead than live without Romeo. Hearing people coming, she quickly takes Romeos daggers and stabs herself.

Starbucks case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Starbucks - Case Study Example Some grocery stores sell Starbucks branded ice cream and coffee. (Starbucks Corporation, 2007) From where it was established in Seattle, Washington, as only a local coffee bean roaster and seller, Starbucks has rapidly expanded. In the 1990s, the corporation was establishing a new store each workday, a tempo which continued into the 2000s. However domestic expansion has ever since slowed down, although Starbucks continues to spread out in foreign markets, The company's first location out of the U.S. and Canada was launched in 1996, and at present they constitute about one third of Starbucks' total stores. (Starbucks Corporation, 2007) As at November 2007, Starbucks Corporation had 8,505 company-owned coffeehouse outlets global: 6,793 of them located in the United States while 1,712 are located in other countries and the U.S. territories. Besides, the Starbucks has 6,506 joint-venture or licensed outlets, and 3,891 of them are in United States and 2,615 are in some other countries or in U.S. territories. This thus brings the total number of locations (as at November 2007) to 15,011 worldwide. (Starbucks Corporation, 2007) 2003: Starbucks concluded acquiring Seattle's Best Coffee and Torrefazione Italia from the previous owners AFC Enterprises, increasing the total number of Starbucks-operated outlets worldwide to over 6,400. In 2006 September 14, competitor Diedrich Coffee company stated that it would sell many of its company-owned retail outlets to Starbucks company. This sale included the company owned sites of the Oregon-located Coffee People chain. Starbucks company representatives were quoted as saying that they will translate the Diedrich Coffee and Coffee People sites to Starbucks stores. January 2008, Howard Schultz, chairman of Starbucks took up again his position as Chief Executive Officer, substituting Jim Donald, who earlier on in 2000 had succeeded him. Schultz's main challenge is to re-establish what he calls the "distinctive Starbucks experience" in the moment of high expansion. Industry observers believe that Schultz have to determine the manner in which to contend with soaring materials prices and increased rivalry from lower-price competitors, which includes McDonald's and Dunkin' Donuts. (Findingdulcinea, 2008) On 31 January, 2008, Schultz stated that Starbucks Company would suspend its warm food items, originally planned to launch countrywide in 2008, so as to refocus the brand on coffee. 1. Evaluation of HRM Each employee requires more learning in order to improve his /her skills, no matter how best a candidate is, he/she can not be 100% percent qualified. Thus, the human resource management should implement learning management system (Beardwell & Holden, 1997) Starbucks Corporation has understood this aspect and that is why it recognizes that its employees are one of their highly valuable resources. The very first guiding rule in their mission statement also addresses the Company's principle towards its employees: "Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity". The management recognizes that the Starbucks employees play a foremost function in the expansion of the company. (Hoovers.com, 2007) Starbucks Corporation training can be termed as systematic enhancement of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the needed by an employee in order to perform a given task. Development is the growth of an employee in terms of capability, understanding and

Professional Development as a Strategic Manager Essay

Professional Development as a Strategic Manager - Essay Example c management study: the first makes stress on the meaning of the strategic management concepts, the second focuses on the process and important factors. The essence of the decision making in strategic management is perfectly explained by the following citation: The role of strategic management in the organization should not be underestimated as it is very important. The issue is worth-discussing; therefore, in the given paper I would like to discuss my professional development as a strategic manager and prove that I can build the long-term business strategy for the company British Airways taking into account the organizational change in the new rapidly changing market conditions. Now leadership ideas get new sense in the transportation industry; leadership is thoroughly investigated from the theoretical and practical points of view. It is obvious, that transportation industry requires gifted leaders as any other, however as far as transportation sector has special characteristics, and is focused on offering the clients distinctive services, leadership in this industry can’t be considered as universal. Nevertheless, leadership ideas of other successful companies can be applied and adapted to the sphere of transportation business. Shelley Kirkpatrick and  Edwin A. Locke  (1991) state that "key leader traits include: drive (a broad term which includes  achievement,  motivation, ambition, energy, tenacity, and initiative), leadership motivation (the desire to lead but not to seek power as an end in itself), honesty, integrity, self-confidence (which is associated with emotional stability), cognitive ability, and knowledge of the business. According to their research, "there is less clear evidence for traits such as charisma, creativity and flexibility". Though transportation industry is considered to be the one, where many leadership initiatives can’t be completely appropriate and almost certainly requiring other methods, however leadership is still very

Argument Essay - Illegalize Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Argument Essay Illegalize Alcohol Essay Our country is facing a growing problem. It is a problem of moral decay. The legal and open use of alcohol is an unnecessary vice that is enjoyed and accepted by a majority of the United States population, unfortunately, it leads to social and moral downfalls. Alcohol should be held to the same standards as other illegal mind and body-altering substances, as alcohol is addicting and has no medical value. Lawmakers and active voters should put an outright ban on alcohol. The revenue that is generated from the manufacturing, distributing, and sales of alcohol is a major source of taxable income that is a benefit. As of 2007 the U. S. Government was collecting $5. 6 billion dollars annually from the taxation of alcohol (joshritchie). This revenue has tended to increase each and every year. Although the revenue is important, the question must be asked, is it moral? Is it moral for our government to profit off the sale of a frivolous vice that causes fatalities and creates addicts? The revenue that is made from the taxation of alcohol could be lost, and would simply increase our never-ending national debt by a miniscule amount. Through out history our country has faced several social epidemics that have resulted in many people becoming substance abusers. Though these times our government has stepped in and enforced laws to restore the moral and social fabric of the infected areas. The current epidemic that we are facing is the abuse of alcohol. It is widespread and available almost everywhere in our country. â€Å"According to the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) tool, from 2001–2005, there were approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributable to excessive alcohol use. † (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Beyond the number of the deaths that are related to alcohol every year, a staggering number of people in the United States are alcoholics. According to the National Library of Medicine, â€Å"nearly 17. 6 million adults in the United States are alcoholics or have alcohol problems†. (U. S. National Library of Medicine) We need to completely ban alcohol so that we can start working on decreasing the number of addicts in our country rather than encourage the use to every single person just as he or she turns a certain age. The United States government has already tried to ban alcohol in the past, it was a complete failure and subsequently repealed. This attempt resulted in a spike in organized crime and was an obvious failure. Eventually the government conceded and re-legalized the use of alcohol. I too will concede that it was a failure on the part of our government in enforcing the prohibition of alcohol. Even today we are fighting the exact same battle by the DEA with the Controlled Substances Act. There is already a long list of illegal substances that are given priorities and schedules and are subsequently enforced. It would not be a stretch to incorporate alcohol into this list of illegal drugs. Many would assert that it would be difficult to enforce the mere consumption and manufacturing of small amounts of alcohol by individuals in there own homes. It is a very simple process to either brew low alcohol content drinks or to distill higher alcohol content spirits. The enforcing of these laws would be similar to current laws of cannabis cultivation. These laws would seem just as hard to enforce, yet they are enforced. The manufacturing of homemade alcohol could be given the same fear of punishment and could be enforced on incident-to-incident bases. Alcohol has the tendency to increase the probability of someone committing a violent crime. If alcohol were banned and harder to get a hold of this number of crimes would greatly diminish. The National Center for Victims of Crime has referenced the U. S. Department of Justice concerning drug and alcohol related crimes. The report states, â€Å"The U. S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey asks the violent crime victims who reported seeing their offenders whether they perceived the offender to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. According to the 1999 survey, over a quarter of the violent crime victims could make such a determination. About twenty-eight percent (28%) of those reported that the offender was under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. The most common substance identified was alcohol alone. About sixteen percent (16%) reported that the offender was under the influence of alcohol alone (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001). † (The National Center for Victims of Crime) This only takes into account the victims that were able to see their offender; this means that there are possibly more unaccounted for alcohol related crimes. The legal and open use of alcohol as a vice is leading to the downfall of our society. It is creating addicts while not offering a single practical medical benefit. The United States Government has already invested time, money, and effort to enforcing its Controlled Substances Act. Alcohol should be held to the same standards as all other physically altering substances are held to. Alcohol poses the risk of dependence and has no beneficial medical value. In order to start the moral fabric of our country we need to do away with the crime inducing substance alcohol. Lawmakers and active voters, it is our duty to hold our selves to higher standards and completely abolish the manufacturing, sale, and use of alcohol. Works Cited Alcoholism: MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. 25 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/alcoholism. html. CDC Alcohol and Public Health Home Page Alcohol. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www. cdc. gov/alcohol/. Drug Related Crime. The National Center for Victims of Crime. 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. http://www. ncvc. org/ncvc/main. aspx? dbName=DocumentViewerDocumentID=32348. Joshritchie. How Much Is the Government Making Off of Alcohol? | Tax Break: The TurboTax Blog. Tax Break: The TurboTax Blog | Its All about the Refund. 5 July 2010. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://blog. turbotax. intuit. com/2010/07/05/how-much-is-the-government-mak

Handguns in America: To Ban or Not to Ban Essay -- argumentative, persu

Handguns in America: To ban or not to ban. Americans should be able to have, own and carry handguns if they feel the need to protect them. It’s a statement that is a topic of major debate and has been for years. There are proponents and oppositionists with regards to handgun laws and rights. Both sides have strong, seemingly valid arguments. In the end, we should have that choice. One of the strongest arguments for banning handguns: An increase in the availability of handguns equals an increase in crimes using handguns. â€Å"Handguns were used in murder more than all other weapons combined.† Page 75 (Every handgun is aimed at you) Josh Sugarman is for banning handguns arguing, the higher number of handguns, and the higher number of crime. That fact may be accurate according to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports. However, who is to say about the likely hood of the murder occurring regardless if the gun was available or not. If someone has a gun, they are more likely going to use it. But if someone is murder-minded, they will commit the murder, regardless of the weapon. To argue this point further, John R. Lott Jr. in his book The Bias Against Guns, mentions a study from 1977 to 1992. The research showed that the states that adopted right to conceal laws had a decrease in crimes with guns immediately following the passing of those laws. (pg 228 the bias against guns) Suicide and handguns: â€Å"†¦.the ready availability of handguns in the moments of despair takes thousands of lives each year.† (page 35 Every handgun is aimed at you) The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention states that: â€Å"Firearms account for 50 percent of all suicides. Death by firearms is the fastest growing method of suicide.† Just as the murder-minded individual h... ...ection of this site, deals specifically with statistics on firearms and suicide rates. Sowell, Thomas. "RealClearPolitics - Judges, the Constitution & Gun Control Laws." RealClearPolitics. Creators Syndicate Inc., 29 June 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. The author is a general columnist and writes political articles including publishing weekly articles in Forbes magazine. He is a respected top economist. His article shows the author’s view on how stricter laws will increase gun violence. Sugarmann, Josh. Every Handgun Is Aimed at You: The Case for Banning Handguns. New York: New, 2001. Print. The author is the executive director/founder of Violence Policy Center. He has published two books on the subject of guns and has written many articles for several newspapers across the country. This book looks at gun violence in America and why we should completely ban handguns.

Does violence on televison lead to violence in real life? Essay

The debate on television violence has been on going for many years now and has produced a wide and varied set of views and research results. Many well established psychologists have attempted, through various types of experiments and observations, to either support or negate a link between violence on television and the violent episodes in â€Å"real† life. These sets of data have thrown up some interesting views and personal conclusions regarding the subject of television violence, and we will show the varying views and conclusions that some of these psychologists have reached; and by using a respected and well known system we will try to show the views of a small section of our community. Previous research into the link between violence and television Over the years numerous psychologists have produced thousands of experiments and or research to support or negate the link between violence and television. In 1987 a psychologist named Cumberbatch produced data on the actual amounts of violence found to be in British television programmes. He concluded that 30% of the programmes contained some form of violence, with an overall frequency of 1.14 violent acts per programme and 1.68 violent acts per hour. Each act of violence lasted an average 25 seconds leading to violence occupying just over 1% of total television airtime. His research showed that in 26% of violent acts death occurred, but in 61% no injuries were shown and the victim was portrayed as being in pain or stunned. In 83% of cases, no blood was shown as a result of a violent act, and considerable blood and gore occurred in only 0.2% of cases. Cumberbatch also revealed that most perpetrators of violent acts were more likely to be portrayed as â€Å"baddies† rather than â€Å"goodies†, and violence occurred twice as frequently in law breaking than in law-upholding contexts. His research, although neither for or against violence on television, gives us an idea of the amount of violence on television we are exposed to. Howitt and Cumberbatch in 1974 analysed 300 studies of television violence and it’s direct effect on children’s behaviour, they played down the link between television violence and the children’s behaviour. A further study into the relationships between the media and violence carried out by Eron 1987and Phillips 1986 found a different conclusion. They concluded that a positive correlation between the amount of aggression viewed at 8 and later aggression at 30 could be seen. George Gerbner (1989) researched television and its influences on human behaviour and said: † Television influences human behaviour because there are â€Å"routes† or mechanisms whereby the content of television can have an effect on what we do, and how we act. Thus, part of televisions influence comes about because of how we learn (by observation and imitation), because of how we respond to certain kinds of story material (arousal/desensitisation), and because of the structure of our inhibitions and the way television provides the kind of stimulation necessary to release them (disinhibition). I called these behavioural mechanisms, because for the most part the influence was shown on some activity† (p128 The Psychology of Television) Aletha Huston (university of Kansas 1989) studied the effects of television violence on children’s behaviour and stated: † Children who watch violent television programmes, even ‘just funny’ cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the non violent programmes.†(p 142 The Psychology of Television) We can see from the varying studies, different results and opinions of these psychologists just how hard it can be to support or negate a link between violence on television and in real life. How the questionnaires were prepared in class In a classroom environment we produced a questionnaire on peoples opinions relating to the link between television violence and real life. The class split into small groups of three or four and discussed possible questions to add to the questionnaire, trying to have a balance of pro television and anti television questions. The individual group questions were discussed and eight questions picked to make up the actual questionnaire, these questions consisted of four pro television and four anti television, the questions were set out so an anti television was followed by a pro television question. The obvious reason for the split into pro and anti television is to try and produce a questionnaire that will give the people taking part a non-biased set of alternate answers. The questions we decided on where as follows: 1. Violence on TV causes certain people to copy those actions in real life 2. People understand TV is not real life and have no wish to copy what they see 3. Children often act out violence from TV especially cartoons 4. Violence in playgrounds is not influenced by TV 5. Violence is sensationalised in TV soaps to boost ratings 6. Violence in soap story lines is vital to keep viewers interested 7. News programmes use to much graphic violence 8. Graphic violence is needed in the media to show reality in news stories To measure these results we required a scale, this scale is known as the Likert questionnaire scale and was devised in the 1930s, and it works on the principle of asking the question and then giving the subject five possible answers, strongly agree, moderately agree, unsure, moderately disagree and strongly disagree (the first two and last two can be reversed) Questions one, two, five and six were prepared using the answer scale, 1: strongly agree, 2: moderately agree, 3 unsure, 4: moderately disagree and 5: strongly disagree. Questions three, four, seven and eight were prepared using the answer scale, 1: strongly disagree, 2: moderately disagree, 3: unsure, 4: moderately agree and 5: strongly agree. The reason for this is to prevent untrue answers and is explained in the next section. Why are there anomalies in preparation and analysis When preparing the questionnaire we realised that we could possibly encounter problems in the way people would answer the stated questions, the Likert scale is specifically designed to prevent this. For example we could encounter people who would pick only their favourite number and pay no attention to the questions being asked, or people would stick to the left side or right side of each column. The way the scale is set out at the moment both someone who is anti and someone who is pro television would both score the same, 24, and somebody who is unsure of every question asked would score 24 as well. Also a person who sticks to only one side of the scale, say the right side, would score a maximum of 40. This would not form a very interesting conclusion and people’s true views would be unknown so we have to alter the scale to produce interesting results, we alter only the scale and not the actual answers. To alleviate these problems the scale has to go through slight changes when we have all the necessary data, but we must emphasise that only the scores are changed and not any of the actual answers given by the participants After we have made these changes it can be seen that we now have a set of interesting results with definite pro and anti opinions and the people who have not completed the questionnaire correctly have no bearing on the result. How the data was analysed To analyse all the data collected from the questionnaires we needed to produce a graph of all the answers. This table would show in detail how the subjects of the questionnaire answered our eight questions and, when we alter the scale, would provide us with evidence of the pro and anti television feeling. The graph shows all the answers to the questionnaire and also shows the changes made, the numbers in red show how we have altered the value for the actual answer e.g. question 1 answer 1 has now become question 1 answer 5 etc Summary results of questionnaire To find the pro and anti television views of our subjects we needed to work out the over all percentages, these were found by the mathematical processes below: 1. Strongly pro television: value 1 (79) divided by the number of participants (520) multiplied by 100 to give us 15.19% 2. Moderately pro television: value 2, 113/520 x 100 = 21.73% 3. Unsure: value 3, 45/520 x 100 = 8.65% 4. Moderately anti television: value 4, 181/520 x 100 = 34.81% 5. Strongly anti television: value 5, 102/520 x 100 = 19.62% These results show that 54.43% of the people who participated in our questionnaire are moderately or strongly anti television, compared to 36.92% who are moderately or strongly pro television. Other theories for the cause of aggressive behaviour Although the debates still continue on the links between television and aggressive behaviour, other links have been researched and their findings well documented. Probably the most well known person to document his findings on aggressive behaviour was Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); he had a psychoanalytical approach and stated that we all have innate instincts in the form of something called Eros (the seeking of pleasure and self-preservation) and Thanatos (a tendency to self destruct) He tells us that this tension can often lead to the Thanatos being projected outwardly and onto others. Freud stated that the need for displaying aggression comes as naturally as the need for food, drink and sex. The aggressive instinct can be displaced through cathartic activities such as sport. Megargee (1966) supported Freud in his findings and found that crimes are often committed by over controlled individuals who, over a period of time, have repressed their anger. Another approach to this topic was Lorenz’s ethological approach, his hydraulic model claimed that ‘aggressive energy builds up gradually over a period of time and needs to be released periodically.’ Lorenz (1966) stated that aggression is connected with our need to be adaptive, to fit in and survive within our environment. Dollard et al (1939) adopted a very different approach, the frustration-aggression hypothesis. This hypothesis claimed that aggression is always a consequence of frustration and the existence of frustration always leads to aggression. Dollard et al view aggression as innate and in doing so agree with the findings of Freud and Lorenz, but, say it would only take place in particular opportune circumstances. Aggression could possibly be delayed or it could be aimed at a third party, a scapegoat. It is as if the mind thinks things through and only acts when the time is perceived to be right, or is advantageous. Another view is that of Berkowitz (1966) who says we rely on certain cues to trigger our responses. Frustration leads to anger, which is different from actual aggression, the frustration cues a readiness to act. Then only an environmental cue will actually trigger aggression. This theory is somewhat similar to the frustration-aggression hypothesis but it has the intermediary response that takes the form of anger, something has to come along that tips us over the edge. Bandura (1961, 1963, 1965, 1973, 1994) produced a theory on social learning. He claimed that aggressive behaviour was learned through observation, imitation and reinforcement of aggressive models. Even non-tangible reinforcements such as the words † be tough† can have the same effect. Bibliography Course notes R Walters & P J Daly 2003 The psychology of Television John Condry

Does violence on televison lead to violence in real life? Essay

The debate on television violence has been on going for many years now and has produced a wide and varied set of views and research results. Many well established psychologists have attempted, through various types of experiments and observations, to either support or negate a link between violence on television and the violent episodes in â€Å"real† life. These sets of data have thrown up some interesting views and personal conclusions regarding the subject of television violence, and we will show the varying views and conclusions that some of these psychologists have reached; and by using a respected and well known system we will try to show the views of a small section of our community. Previous research into the link between violence and television Over the years numerous psychologists have produced thousands of experiments and or research to support or negate the link between violence and television. In 1987 a psychologist named Cumberbatch produced data on the actual amounts of violence found to be in British television programmes. He concluded that 30% of the programmes contained some form of violence, with an overall frequency of 1.14 violent acts per programme and 1.68 violent acts per hour. Each act of violence lasted an average 25 seconds leading to violence occupying just over 1% of total television airtime. His research showed that in 26% of violent acts death occurred, but in 61% no injuries were shown and the victim was portrayed as being in pain or stunned. In 83% of cases, no blood was shown as a result of a violent act, and considerable blood and gore occurred in only 0.2% of cases. Cumberbatch also revealed that most perpetrators of violent acts were more likely to be portrayed as â€Å"baddies† rather than â€Å"goodies†, and violence occurred twice as frequently in law breaking than in law-upholding contexts. His research, although neither for or against violence on television, gives us an idea of the amount of violence on television we are exposed to. Howitt and Cumberbatch in 1974 analysed 300 studies of television violence and it’s direct effect on children’s behaviour, they played down the link between television violence and the children’s behaviour. A further study into the relationships between the media and violence carried out by Eron 1987and Phillips 1986 found a different conclusion. They concluded that a positive correlation between the amount of aggression viewed at 8 and later aggression at 30 could be seen. George Gerbner (1989) researched television and its influences on human behaviour and said: † Television influences human behaviour because there are â€Å"routes† or mechanisms whereby the content of television can have an effect on what we do, and how we act. Thus, part of televisions influence comes about because of how we learn (by observation and imitation), because of how we respond to certain kinds of story material (arousal/desensitisation), and because of the structure of our inhibitions and the way television provides the kind of stimulation necessary to release them (disinhibition). I called these behavioural mechanisms, because for the most part the influence was shown on some activity† (p128 The Psychology of Television) Aletha Huston (university of Kansas 1989) studied the effects of television violence on children’s behaviour and stated: † Children who watch violent television programmes, even ‘just funny’ cartoons, were more likely to hit out at their playmates, argue, disobey class rules, leave tasks unfinished, and were less willing to wait for things than those who watched the non violent programmes.†(p 142 The Psychology of Television) We can see from the varying studies, different results and opinions of these psychologists just how hard it can be to support or negate a link between violence on television and in real life. How the questionnaires were prepared in class In a classroom environment we produced a questionnaire on peoples opinions relating to the link between television violence and real life. The class split into small groups of three or four and discussed possible questions to add to the questionnaire, trying to have a balance of pro television and anti television questions. The individual group questions were discussed and eight questions picked to make up the actual questionnaire, these questions consisted of four pro television and four anti television, the questions were set out so an anti television was followed by a pro television question. The obvious reason for the split into pro and anti television is to try and produce a questionnaire that will give the people taking part a non-biased set of alternate answers. The questions we decided on where as follows: 1. Violence on TV causes certain people to copy those actions in real life 2. People understand TV is not real life and have no wish to copy what they see 3. Children often act out violence from TV especially cartoons 4. Violence in playgrounds is not influenced by TV 5. Violence is sensationalised in TV soaps to boost ratings 6. Violence in soap story lines is vital to keep viewers interested 7. News programmes use to much graphic violence 8. Graphic violence is needed in the media to show reality in news stories To measure these results we required a scale, this scale is known as the Likert questionnaire scale and was devised in the 1930s, and it works on the principle of asking the question and then giving the subject five possible answers, strongly agree, moderately agree, unsure, moderately disagree and strongly disagree (the first two and last two can be reversed) Questions one, two, five and six were prepared using the answer scale, 1: strongly agree, 2: moderately agree, 3 unsure, 4: moderately disagree and 5: strongly disagree. Questions three, four, seven and eight were prepared using the answer scale, 1: strongly disagree, 2: moderately disagree, 3: unsure, 4: moderately agree and 5: strongly agree. The reason for this is to prevent untrue answers and is explained in the next section. Why are there anomalies in preparation and analysis When preparing the questionnaire we realised that we could possibly encounter problems in the way people would answer the stated questions, the Likert scale is specifically designed to prevent this. For example we could encounter people who would pick only their favourite number and pay no attention to the questions being asked, or people would stick to the left side or right side of each column. The way the scale is set out at the moment both someone who is anti and someone who is pro television would both score the same, 24, and somebody who is unsure of every question asked would score 24 as well. Also a person who sticks to only one side of the scale, say the right side, would score a maximum of 40. This would not form a very interesting conclusion and people’s true views would be unknown so we have to alter the scale to produce interesting results, we alter only the scale and not the actual answers. To alleviate these problems the scale has to go through slight changes when we have all the necessary data, but we must emphasise that only the scores are changed and not any of the actual answers given by the participants After we have made these changes it can be seen that we now have a set of interesting results with definite pro and anti opinions and the people who have not completed the questionnaire correctly have no bearing on the result. How the data was analysed To analyse all the data collected from the questionnaires we needed to produce a graph of all the answers. This table would show in detail how the subjects of the questionnaire answered our eight questions and, when we alter the scale, would provide us with evidence of the pro and anti television feeling. The graph shows all the answers to the questionnaire and also shows the changes made, the numbers in red show how we have altered the value for the actual answer e.g. question 1 answer 1 has now become question 1 answer 5 etc Summary results of questionnaire To find the pro and anti television views of our subjects we needed to work out the over all percentages, these were found by the mathematical processes below: 1. Strongly pro television: value 1 (79) divided by the number of participants (520) multiplied by 100 to give us 15.19% 2. Moderately pro television: value 2, 113/520 x 100 = 21.73% 3. Unsure: value 3, 45/520 x 100 = 8.65% 4. Moderately anti television: value 4, 181/520 x 100 = 34.81% 5. Strongly anti television: value 5, 102/520 x 100 = 19.62% These results show that 54.43% of the people who participated in our questionnaire are moderately or strongly anti television, compared to 36.92% who are moderately or strongly pro television. Other theories for the cause of aggressive behaviour Although the debates still continue on the links between television and aggressive behaviour, other links have been researched and their findings well documented. Probably the most well known person to document his findings on aggressive behaviour was Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); he had a psychoanalytical approach and stated that we all have innate instincts in the form of something called Eros (the seeking of pleasure and self-preservation) and Thanatos (a tendency to self destruct) He tells us that this tension can often lead to the Thanatos being projected outwardly and onto others. Freud stated that the need for displaying aggression comes as naturally as the need for food, drink and sex. The aggressive instinct can be displaced through cathartic activities such as sport. Megargee (1966) supported Freud in his findings and found that crimes are often committed by over controlled individuals who, over a period of time, have repressed their anger. Another approach to this topic was Lorenz’s ethological approach, his hydraulic model claimed that ‘aggressive energy builds up gradually over a period of time and needs to be released periodically.’ Lorenz (1966) stated that aggression is connected with our need to be adaptive, to fit in and survive within our environment. Dollard et al (1939) adopted a very different approach, the frustration-aggression hypothesis. This hypothesis claimed that aggression is always a consequence of frustration and the existence of frustration always leads to aggression. Dollard et al view aggression as innate and in doing so agree with the findings of Freud and Lorenz, but, say it would only take place in particular opportune circumstances. Aggression could possibly be delayed or it could be aimed at a third party, a scapegoat. It is as if the mind thinks things through and only acts when the time is perceived to be right, or is advantageous. Another view is that of Berkowitz (1966) who says we rely on certain cues to trigger our responses. Frustration leads to anger, which is different from actual aggression, the frustration cues a readiness to act. Then only an environmental cue will actually trigger aggression. This theory is somewhat similar to the frustration-aggression hypothesis but it has the intermediary response that takes the form of anger, something has to come along that tips us over the edge. Bandura (1961, 1963, 1965, 1973, 1994) produced a theory on social learning. He claimed that aggressive behaviour was learned through observation, imitation and reinforcement of aggressive models. Even non-tangible reinforcements such as the words † be tough† can have the same effect. Bibliography Course notes R Walters & P J Daly 2003 The psychology of Television John Condry