Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House - 1302 Words

A Doll s House by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen is a play about the story of Nora Helmer, a childish woman who once borrowed money from a worker named Krogstad for the sole purpose of saving the life of her husband, Torvald Helmer. Her husband treated her like a child throughout their entire marriage due to his gender superiority and due to this treatment she leaves him at the end of the play. Most people view Nora Helmer as a feminist heroine due to her ability to stand up and break free from the oppression that was brought upon her by her marriage. However, the playwright Henrik Ibsen, shut down this idea and claimed that the play was written from more of a humanist perspective. Despite Ibsen s words, even though the themes of feminism and human rights are both present, one of them is dominant over the other. Looking at the historical background and context Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House, the actual meaning of feminism, and the message conveyed through Nora s character, it is ev ident that feminism plays a much greater role in the play than humanism. Humanism is defined as the system of thought that focuses on humans and their values, capacities and worth (Humanism). Feminism is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of legal, social, political, and economic equality to men (Feminist). In reference to the two definitions, A Doll s House is more driven towards feminism because of the social and economic state of women that were shown in the play, whichShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signedRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Vict orian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†

Role and Influence of Religion on Conflicts - 1208 Words

There are different views on the role and influence of religion on conflicts. Rabkin states that religion is not a primary source of conflicts and violent strife. According to him, most often than not, religion is used only to legitimize, but not motivate conflicts. However, Jonathan Fox states that religion is one of the motivators of terrorism. The impact of religion on conflicts is also increasing over the years. Similarly in Nigeria, religion was not the central source of conflicts at the time of colonization or even after independence. However, its role has increased through time to the extent that it curtailed other important contributing factors to the conflict. Religion and identity are highly correlated in Nigeria. As a result, almost all Nigerians identify themselves with a religion: Muslims represents 50.5 % of the population; Christians represents 48.2 % of the population, and other traditional religions constitute the remaining 1.4 % of the population. This st rong religious affiliation made Nigeria one of the most religious nations in the world. In a survey conducted by BBC, 95% of Nigerian respondents asserted that they would die for their religious belief. In line with this affirmation, beginning from the 1990s, violent deadly clashes in the name of religion between Christians and Muslims became the everyday phenomenon in Nigeria. In Nigeria, religion has more influence at elections and civil servant appointments than any other credentials. InShow MoreRelatedReview Of The Of The Scarlet Letter 1325 Words   |  6 PagesBritish World Literature, Period 7/8 14 December 2015 The Role of Religion in Society In some way, everyone’s lives on this planet have been affected by religion. It affects current events such as wars, politics, and societal issues. How religion affects these events and ideologies can be seen in literature. The literature reflects the events and political problems of the time period, which can be used to demonstrate the role of religion in current events of specific time periods. Due to the religiousRead MoreEssay on The Role of Religion in Foreign Policy1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Religion in Foreign Policy In order to best understand the role of religion in foreign policy, one needs to acknowledge that religion does play a role in foreign policy. However, the role religion plays in international relations is often overlooked. This omission of such an important factor that influences international politics in so many ways and on so many levels is detrimental and should be addressed (Fox, 2001:73). Religion influences internationalRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Structural Functionalism1490 Words   |  6 Pagesperspectives of structural functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions, aid sociologist in gaining a broader understanding for purposes of this paper –religion (as a primarily social rather than theological or psychological phenomenon) and the effects on societies. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions sociologists could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience.Read MoreRole of Women in Creating Communal Harmony and National Integration1515 Words   |  7 Pagescivilizations are being formed and the survival of the human race continues. But the groups whether small, medium or large are not free from conflicts and tensions both internal as well as external. These conflicts have a positive connotation along with a negative con notation of risking the existence of the group or society under consideration. The positive aspect of such conflicts is that it provides a necessary push to change the group`s organization, interactions, relationships etc for better adaptation toRead MoreAssess the View That Religion Is a Source of Instability and Conflict1094 Words   |  5 PagesAssess the view that religion is a major source of instability and conflict in society today Religion has held an important role in society since the beginning of civilisation and it has such power over people’s minds and shape the way our world developed. Whilst some sociological theories such as functionalist sees religion as performing a positive function in society as it can lead to social solidarity, integrating people into society, other sociological theories such as Marxist and FeministRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pagesfunctionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religion a sociological study could deter mine the power religion holds over peopleRead MoreSocial Institutions And Its Impact On Society1602 Words   |  7 Pagesin a society play an important role. There are some major social institutions which have considerable impacts on the lives of the members of society, such as religion and education. These institution act as the means of providing opportunity for the overall development of individuals. In this regard it can be said that â€Å"The role of religion is to remind republican citizens of their duties to and reliance upon God. Virtue is the bedrock of free society, and religion provides a constant reminder ofRead MoreForeign Influence and Its Positive and Negative Impacts1285 Words   |  5 Pages Foreign influence. Colonization. Imperialism. All of these arguably had a very positive impact on the world advancing it technologically. However, foreign influence also causes conflicts. For example, Britain split up the Hindus and Muslims in India which led to years of fi ghting and hatred. The majority of people believe that there isnt a specific cause for genocide. However – as shown by the Sudanese and Rwandan Genocides—foreign influence, and the absence of it, plays a big role in causingRead MoreFamily and Religion : Influence on People Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesFamily and Religion: Influence on People If you asked people to describe their families, some would describe single-household families, some would describe stepfamilies, some would describe gay or lesbian or adoptive families and many would describe divorced families. The word family has become a diverse institution it is very difficult to give it a meaning. In a wide sense especially in the biological sciences the term family refers to a group of individual beings linked by blood relations,Read MoreWhy Alternative Dispute Resolution ( Adr ) Experts1341 Words   |  6 Pages2) Why do alternative dispute resolution (ADR) experts emphasize the importance of Problem Solving approach in conflict resolutions? Are there weaknesses and/or short coming to this approach? The problem solving approach in conflict resolution is when parties in a conflict engage in dialogue that will allow for re-conceptualizing the conflict with a new view to find creative, or win-win, outcomes. Problem solving approach, used by alternative dispute resolution (ADR) experts requires joint effort

Microfinance Poverty Reduction in Sudan free essay sample

Microfinance services are part of the innovative financial services in the area of banking and finance non-bank, and the growth of this sector will be depending on the demand for it and the administrative and technical expertise in this area. The process of providing financial services to the poor in the community is an important part of strategies to reduce poverty and the institutions that provide microfinance is one of the tools that play this role if achieved financial sustainability of any increase supply to meet demand.The interest in microfinance in Sudan increased in the recent period, especially, and that the State at its peak moving to embrace this work to simplify procedures, and has been given Central Bank of Sudan great interest sector microfinance and with that we find deployment weak in the area of microfinance services Islamic incomprehension of this type of funding and requirements for success. Importance of the studyPoverty alleviation and combating is a strategic objective seeks world to achieve in the third millennium, and is difficult to determine the microfinance clients and reach of the challenges facing the microfinance and also find that the lack of guarantees for funding and the high cost of this type of financing and cost follow-up is one of the problems facing the Sudan, and from here stems the importance of this study to take up microfinance in Sudan as a tool for poverty alleviation, and the problems and challenges faced by microfinance in Sudan. We will write a custom essay sample on Microfinance Poverty Reduction in Sudan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Problem and questions of the studyTurning this study to answer several questions, problem study lies in the Sudan seeks to develop and develop the microfinance sector and attention mechanisms poverty alleviation through bank financing and the non-bank and follow the strategy to minimize the problems and risks and challenges faced by microfinance in Sudan and providing microfinance services and use it as a tool to alleviate the microfinance and Najib during which the following questions: What is the concept of microfinance in Sudan and who are the customers? And what are its institutions? What are the challenges and problems facing the microfinance sector in Sudan?What are the strategies used to cope with that? Does microfinance in Sudan, in turn, to alleviate poverty? Methodology of this study Be following the descriptive historical and analytical approach, and spatial research is the Republic of Sudan. Study Plan And include the study on four topics the first dealing with the conce pt and customers and institutions and the basic concepts of microfinance in general and some experiences in the world, and in the second section we address it and guarantees in the Sudan, and in the third section we take the challenges nd problems facing the microfinance in Sudan and strategies to cope with it, and in the fourth section the results and recommendations. Abstract This study is entitled Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Sudan Challenges Problems, in the world a growing focus against poverty as a strategic goal through financing lower income groups through microfinance, microfinance institutes (governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations).This study deal with several sections, section one highlights the definition, objectives, clients, institutes and basic concepts of microfinance. Section two assess the experience of Sudan in microfinance and guarantees (collaterals) of microfinance in Sudan. Section three discuss challenges problems which face mic rofinance in Sudan and the strategies to face these challenges problems. Section four present the results of this study and its main findings.The study recommended the need to apply best practices in the expansions of services and procedures of microfinance in Sudan, diversification of products and services and guarantees of microfinance in Sudan, provide information on the microfinance sector in Sudan, spreading the culture of microfinance and at last develop a strategy of microfinance in Sudan. In the name of God the Merciful The first topic Microfinance (theoretical framework) Submitted Combined efforts of the international community to combat poverty as a strategic goal everyone seeks to achieve exporting poverty eradication list of development goals for the third millennium.

Common Surgical Complications Surgery

Question: Describe about the Management principles of common surgical complications in Surgery? Answer: Introduction There is several meaning of the term management. Management as a noun termed as a group of managers in an organization (Georgiev, 2012). Management as a process refers to a group of actives such as the function of the entire organization. The functions of the organization are Planning, Organization, Directing, and controlling (Bhatia, 2011). On the other hand, the term management as a discipline can be explained as to any subject related to the organization. Management is termed as an individual or a group of individuals that accepts the all the responsibilities of the organization to run the management (Georgiev, 2012). All the management depending upon the nature of the business has some common organizational goals and objectives. There are different people who join the organization coming from different cultural backgrounds (Bhatia, 2011). Assessment of the Significance of the Managers in achieving the organizational success of Primark Primark is one of the most popular clothing retail brand within United Kingdom. The main features of the Primarks product are to deliver the high fashionable product in low price. The organizational goal of Primark is to build the brand largely and attain more than 67% consumers in United State. Apart from that, the management of Primark take care about their employees through applying the 630 degree performance measurement activities. Moreover, the company provides rewards according to performance to their potential employees. There are some common organizational goals and objectives in every management (Georgiev, 2012). Depending upon the nature of the business, the managers set the goals and objectives of the organization. The basic plans and procedures of the organization followed by every manager are similar to each other. All the managers of an organization depending upon the nature of the business follow the same plans and procedures, which includes Planning, Organizing, Direc ting, Motivating, and Controlling (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). These are the major organizational steps, which every manager needs to follow in the entire management. Process Features of Management Continuous Procedure All the managers needs to perform a continuous and never ending procedure of the management Art and Science The entire concept of the management is getting the jobs of the organization done by all the employees Result Orientation The entire concept of the management is to get the job done by the employees to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives Activities The concept the entire management both a group and non group activity Principles and Rules All the employees of the organization follows some basic rules and regulations of the organization Intangible All the services of the entire management is intangible in nature Dynamic All the activities of the entire management are dynamic in nature Pervasive All the plans and actives are purposive in nature Situation All the actives of the entire management depends upon the situation of the organization Professional in Approach All the jobs of organization are professional in nature and needs to follow a professional innature Table 1: Features o Management of Primark (Source: ) Comparison and contrast of organic organizations and mechanistic organizations Specialization: According to Kotler and Armstrong (2012), organic organizations are mainly followed the joint specialization. The employees within the workplace of Organic organizations work together. Most of the employees that are working in Organic organizations are doing their task with higher coordination. On the other hand, in Mechanistic Organizations employees are working separately and they done their task with their specializations. Communication: In the Organic organizations, employees have authority to control the task delegately. On the other hand, the communication in the mechanistic organizations is vertical. Decision making is highly possible in mechanistic organizational structure. Apart from that, in Organic organizations, an employee follows the verbal communications. On the contrary, in Mechanistic Structure based organization firmly follows the written communication. Operational Process: The trend of the Organic Structure within the organization is unpredictable. Whereas, the operating procedure of Mechanistic Organizations is extensive and with high standard rules. The job of the manager is to translate all the efforts of each in a common direction so that the common organizational goals achieved. There are different ways of motivations, which followed by the managers depending upon the requirements of the organization (McMenamin, 2011). Planning: Planning is the primary step of each management that every manager follows to set all the goals and objectives of the organization. Planning bridges the gap between where we are standing and where we want to go (Georgiev, 2012). The concept of planning is futuristic. Without the concept of planning, no managers can implement the plans of procedures of the organization (Haimes, 2012). Planning is an overall basic function of the management, which involves the concept of the formulation of detailed, planned which helps to achieve the optimum balance of needs and demands with the accessible resources of the organization (Minikin, 2012). The steps of the planning process discussed below. On the other hand, the organization based on Mechanistic structure uses the basic and formal planning procedure. All the effective planning and effective implementation of planning play a greater part in the high performance of the organization (Heizer and Render, 2011). The concept of planning is termed as the primary function of the management as it sets the goals and activities of the entire organization (Minikin, 2012). All the managers depending upon the nature of the business sets the overall goals and objectives of the organization, which will result in the optimum utilization of resources. Description of the process that helps Primark to promulgate corporate strategy Bargaining Power of the customers: In United Kingdom, the organization in retail clothing sector faces higher competition. Brimson (2011) cited that customer in the clothing sector in UK has wide range of choice. Majority of consumer demands for the alternative options. Therefore, Mark Spencer, HM, Zara, etc are provided several fashionable products with higher quality. Bargaining power of the customer is high in UK. Bargaining power of suppliers: In the clothing retail sector, there are not any single big suppliers. Therefore, bargaining power of the suppliers is comparatively low rather than other sector. Threats from competitive Rivalry: In the clothing sector, there are several low price retailers with the similar product range. However, the price of the Primarks products is low. Therefore, the company faces less challenges from their competitors. Organizing is the second step of the entire managerial functions. It is a very important and crucial step of the entire managerial function. It is one of the most important steps that the entire managers follows in order allocate jobs for the employees (Kubtov, 2012). To increase the efficiency level and to maintain the concept of the optimum utilization of resources, the theory of the correct job for the accurate employees must applied. . The job of the manager is to translate all the efforts of each in a common direction so that the common organizational goals achieved. There are different ways of motivations, which followed by the managers depending upon the requirements of the organization (McMenamin, 2011). Threats from New Entrants: In the clothing retail sector, there are low threats from the new entrants. The set up cost for starting a new business in clothing sector at UK is high. Therefore, it makes hard to startup a new business in clothing sector. Primark faces low challenges from the new entrants. Threats from Substitute: Primark faces high challenges from the substitute products in clothing sector. There are several substitute product providers such as Zara, Manchester United, Top Shop, etc that provided various types of products and fulfill the requirements of consumers. However, Primark charges reasonable prices rather than their competitors. Apart from that, Primark provided several types of discount offers to their customers in different season as well as different festivals (Bohlander and Snell, 2013). Therefore, recent technological development such as internet allows Primark for providing facilitation to their customers. Understanding of Organizational culture and justification to create an innovative culture Organizational Culture is considered as that environment where the behavior of individuals and values are shared for the betterment of the overall Primark in the competitive or complex environment. On the other hand, it can also be discussed that organizational culture can bring positive change in the attitude and belief of the workers working in a particular firm (Green, 2012).. Apart from that, one firm could be segmented easily from other firms based on organizational culture as each firm follows different internal procedures and policies. For the purpose of incorporating innovative culture within the Primark, the management has to engage qualified and experienced workforces on the board. The workers can help to build a positive change in the behavior and performance of other workers. The workers should be provided equal opportunities and chances of taking initiative should be given as it can help the organization to receive best and workable ideas. As a result, it could be useful in terms of productivity and minimization of wastage (Huhtala et al. 2013). Apart from that, the management of the company would develop innovative culture by collaborating with other groups or making alliance. It will help in the gaining new ideas and perspective that can deliver benefit to the workers and business. On the other hand, the performance of the employees needs to be measured. It will help in knowing the best and worst performing employees. Therefore, the employees that are showing low progress can be provided training that will help in the development of their skills and behavior (Carlstrm and Ekman, 2012). Furthermore, the recognition should be given to the workers that would help in gaining the input from the workers regarding developing cultural innovation. The workers can then be able to make the working environment a feasible place to work. Moreover, they will be sharing their experiences and knowledge in performing the tasks. Apart from that, in order to create innovative culture, the management should control on the employees productivity (Stensaker and Vab, 2013). Conclusion This particular assignment deals with the entire managerial performance of the organization. The basic four steps of the management discussed in a diversified manner in this particular assignment. The basic four managerial functions such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling elaborated in this assignment. To become successful managers these are the basic requirements of the organization that every manager needs to organize and follow in the management. If all the employees of the organization try to follow their way of working and communication there will be confusion in the entire organization. Depending upon the nature of the business, all the managers translate all the efforts of each in a common direction to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives. All the managers try to follow the same organizational procedure to achieve the common organization goals and objectives. Reference List Bhatia, R. (2011). Management principles of common surgical complications.Surgery (Oxford), 29(2), pp.67-69. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Brimson, J. (2011). Management process principles.J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 22(4), pp.83-96. Carlstrm, E. D., and Ekman, I. (2012). Organisational culture and change: implementing person-centred care.Journal of Health Organization and Management,26(2), 175-191. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011).The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Georgiev, V. (2012). Functions, Principles and Problems of the Security System.J Def Manag, 03(01). Goundrey-Smith, S. (2012).Principles of electronic prescribing. London: Springer. Green, T. J. (2012). TQM and organisational culture: How do they link?.Total Quality Management and Business Excellence,23(2), 141-157. Haimes, Y. (2012). Systems-Based Guiding Principles for Risk Modeling, Planning, Assessment, Management, and Communication.Risk Analysis, 32(9), pp.1451-1467. Heizer, J. and Render, B. (2011).Principles of operations management. Boston: Pearson Education. Huhtala, M., Feldt, T., Hyvnen, K., and Mauno, S. (2013). Ethical organisational culture as a context for managers personal work goals.Journal of business ethics,114(2), 265-282. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kubtov, J. (2012). INNOVATIVE MANAGERIAL PRINCIPLES FOR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY.ecoman, 17(1). Levitt, D. (2014). Ethical decision-making in a caring environment: The four principles and LEADS.Healthcare Management Forum, 27(2), pp.105-107. Masteralexis, L., Barr, C. and Hums, M. (2012).Principles and practice of sport management. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. McMenamin, E. (2011). Pain Management Principles.Current Problems in Cancer, 35(6), pp.317-324. Minikin, B. (2012). Sports management, principles and applications.European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), pp.309-312. Ogilvie, J. and Ogilvie, J. (2013).CLEP principles of management. Piscataway, N.J.: Research Education Association. Rejda, G. (2011).Principles of risk management and insurance. Boston: Prentice Hall. Stensaker, B., and Vab, A. (2013). Re inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), 256-274. Strydom, J. and Smith, M. (2011).Principles of business management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. ZOTOS, A. (2011). PRESERVATION TIME AT 6 2C AND 8 2C OF TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERII) FILLETS SMOKED BY STEAMING WITH LIQUID SMOKE.Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 35(4), pp.533-541.