Microfinance Poverty Reduction in Sudan free essay sample

Microfinance services are part of the innovative financial services in the area of banking and finance non-bank, and the growth of this sector will be depending on the demand for it and the administrative and technical expertise in this area. The process of providing financial services to the poor in the community is an important part of strategies to reduce poverty and the institutions that provide microfinance is one of the tools that play this role if achieved financial sustainability of any increase supply to meet demand.The interest in microfinance in Sudan increased in the recent period, especially, and that the State at its peak moving to embrace this work to simplify procedures, and has been given Central Bank of Sudan great interest sector microfinance and with that we find deployment weak in the area of microfinance services Islamic incomprehension of this type of funding and requirements for success. Importance of the studyPoverty alleviation and combating is a strategic objective seeks world to achieve in the third millennium, and is difficult to determine the microfinance clients and reach of the challenges facing the microfinance and also find that the lack of guarantees for funding and the high cost of this type of financing and cost follow-up is one of the problems facing the Sudan, and from here stems the importance of this study to take up microfinance in Sudan as a tool for poverty alleviation, and the problems and challenges faced by microfinance in Sudan. We will write a custom essay sample on Microfinance Poverty Reduction in Sudan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Problem and questions of the studyTurning this study to answer several questions, problem study lies in the Sudan seeks to develop and develop the microfinance sector and attention mechanisms poverty alleviation through bank financing and the non-bank and follow the strategy to minimize the problems and risks and challenges faced by microfinance in Sudan and providing microfinance services and use it as a tool to alleviate the microfinance and Najib during which the following questions: What is the concept of microfinance in Sudan and who are the customers? And what are its institutions? What are the challenges and problems facing the microfinance sector in Sudan?What are the strategies used to cope with that? Does microfinance in Sudan, in turn, to alleviate poverty? Methodology of this study Be following the descriptive historical and analytical approach, and spatial research is the Republic of Sudan. Study Plan And include the study on four topics the first dealing with the conce pt and customers and institutions and the basic concepts of microfinance in general and some experiences in the world, and in the second section we address it and guarantees in the Sudan, and in the third section we take the challenges nd problems facing the microfinance in Sudan and strategies to cope with it, and in the fourth section the results and recommendations. Abstract This study is entitled Microfinance and Poverty Reduction in Sudan Challenges Problems, in the world a growing focus against poverty as a strategic goal through financing lower income groups through microfinance, microfinance institutes (governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations).This study deal with several sections, section one highlights the definition, objectives, clients, institutes and basic concepts of microfinance. Section two assess the experience of Sudan in microfinance and guarantees (collaterals) of microfinance in Sudan. Section three discuss challenges problems which face mic rofinance in Sudan and the strategies to face these challenges problems. Section four present the results of this study and its main findings.The study recommended the need to apply best practices in the expansions of services and procedures of microfinance in Sudan, diversification of products and services and guarantees of microfinance in Sudan, provide information on the microfinance sector in Sudan, spreading the culture of microfinance and at last develop a strategy of microfinance in Sudan. In the name of God the Merciful The first topic Microfinance (theoretical framework) Submitted Combined efforts of the international community to combat poverty as a strategic goal everyone seeks to achieve exporting poverty eradication list of development goals for the third millennium.

Common Surgical Complications Surgery

Question: Describe about the Management principles of common surgical complications in Surgery? Answer: Introduction There is several meaning of the term management. Management as a noun termed as a group of managers in an organization (Georgiev, 2012). Management as a process refers to a group of actives such as the function of the entire organization. The functions of the organization are Planning, Organization, Directing, and controlling (Bhatia, 2011). On the other hand, the term management as a discipline can be explained as to any subject related to the organization. Management is termed as an individual or a group of individuals that accepts the all the responsibilities of the organization to run the management (Georgiev, 2012). All the management depending upon the nature of the business has some common organizational goals and objectives. There are different people who join the organization coming from different cultural backgrounds (Bhatia, 2011). Assessment of the Significance of the Managers in achieving the organizational success of Primark Primark is one of the most popular clothing retail brand within United Kingdom. The main features of the Primarks product are to deliver the high fashionable product in low price. The organizational goal of Primark is to build the brand largely and attain more than 67% consumers in United State. Apart from that, the management of Primark take care about their employees through applying the 630 degree performance measurement activities. Moreover, the company provides rewards according to performance to their potential employees. There are some common organizational goals and objectives in every management (Georgiev, 2012). Depending upon the nature of the business, the managers set the goals and objectives of the organization. The basic plans and procedures of the organization followed by every manager are similar to each other. All the managers of an organization depending upon the nature of the business follow the same plans and procedures, which includes Planning, Organizing, Direc ting, Motivating, and Controlling (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). These are the major organizational steps, which every manager needs to follow in the entire management. Process Features of Management Continuous Procedure All the managers needs to perform a continuous and never ending procedure of the management Art and Science The entire concept of the management is getting the jobs of the organization done by all the employees Result Orientation The entire concept of the management is to get the job done by the employees to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives Activities The concept the entire management both a group and non group activity Principles and Rules All the employees of the organization follows some basic rules and regulations of the organization Intangible All the services of the entire management is intangible in nature Dynamic All the activities of the entire management are dynamic in nature Pervasive All the plans and actives are purposive in nature Situation All the actives of the entire management depends upon the situation of the organization Professional in Approach All the jobs of organization are professional in nature and needs to follow a professional innature Table 1: Features o Management of Primark (Source: ) Comparison and contrast of organic organizations and mechanistic organizations Specialization: According to Kotler and Armstrong (2012), organic organizations are mainly followed the joint specialization. The employees within the workplace of Organic organizations work together. Most of the employees that are working in Organic organizations are doing their task with higher coordination. On the other hand, in Mechanistic Organizations employees are working separately and they done their task with their specializations. Communication: In the Organic organizations, employees have authority to control the task delegately. On the other hand, the communication in the mechanistic organizations is vertical. Decision making is highly possible in mechanistic organizational structure. Apart from that, in Organic organizations, an employee follows the verbal communications. On the contrary, in Mechanistic Structure based organization firmly follows the written communication. Operational Process: The trend of the Organic Structure within the organization is unpredictable. Whereas, the operating procedure of Mechanistic Organizations is extensive and with high standard rules. The job of the manager is to translate all the efforts of each in a common direction so that the common organizational goals achieved. There are different ways of motivations, which followed by the managers depending upon the requirements of the organization (McMenamin, 2011). Planning: Planning is the primary step of each management that every manager follows to set all the goals and objectives of the organization. Planning bridges the gap between where we are standing and where we want to go (Georgiev, 2012). The concept of planning is futuristic. Without the concept of planning, no managers can implement the plans of procedures of the organization (Haimes, 2012). Planning is an overall basic function of the management, which involves the concept of the formulation of detailed, planned which helps to achieve the optimum balance of needs and demands with the accessible resources of the organization (Minikin, 2012). The steps of the planning process discussed below. On the other hand, the organization based on Mechanistic structure uses the basic and formal planning procedure. All the effective planning and effective implementation of planning play a greater part in the high performance of the organization (Heizer and Render, 2011). The concept of planning is termed as the primary function of the management as it sets the goals and activities of the entire organization (Minikin, 2012). All the managers depending upon the nature of the business sets the overall goals and objectives of the organization, which will result in the optimum utilization of resources. Description of the process that helps Primark to promulgate corporate strategy Bargaining Power of the customers: In United Kingdom, the organization in retail clothing sector faces higher competition. Brimson (2011) cited that customer in the clothing sector in UK has wide range of choice. Majority of consumer demands for the alternative options. Therefore, Mark Spencer, HM, Zara, etc are provided several fashionable products with higher quality. Bargaining power of the customer is high in UK. Bargaining power of suppliers: In the clothing retail sector, there are not any single big suppliers. Therefore, bargaining power of the suppliers is comparatively low rather than other sector. Threats from competitive Rivalry: In the clothing sector, there are several low price retailers with the similar product range. However, the price of the Primarks products is low. Therefore, the company faces less challenges from their competitors. Organizing is the second step of the entire managerial functions. It is a very important and crucial step of the entire managerial function. It is one of the most important steps that the entire managers follows in order allocate jobs for the employees (Kubtov, 2012). To increase the efficiency level and to maintain the concept of the optimum utilization of resources, the theory of the correct job for the accurate employees must applied. . The job of the manager is to translate all the efforts of each in a common direction so that the common organizational goals achieved. There are different ways of motivations, which followed by the managers depending upon the requirements of the organization (McMenamin, 2011). Threats from New Entrants: In the clothing retail sector, there are low threats from the new entrants. The set up cost for starting a new business in clothing sector at UK is high. Therefore, it makes hard to startup a new business in clothing sector. Primark faces low challenges from the new entrants. Threats from Substitute: Primark faces high challenges from the substitute products in clothing sector. There are several substitute product providers such as Zara, Manchester United, Top Shop, etc that provided various types of products and fulfill the requirements of consumers. However, Primark charges reasonable prices rather than their competitors. Apart from that, Primark provided several types of discount offers to their customers in different season as well as different festivals (Bohlander and Snell, 2013). Therefore, recent technological development such as internet allows Primark for providing facilitation to their customers. Understanding of Organizational culture and justification to create an innovative culture Organizational Culture is considered as that environment where the behavior of individuals and values are shared for the betterment of the overall Primark in the competitive or complex environment. On the other hand, it can also be discussed that organizational culture can bring positive change in the attitude and belief of the workers working in a particular firm (Green, 2012).. Apart from that, one firm could be segmented easily from other firms based on organizational culture as each firm follows different internal procedures and policies. For the purpose of incorporating innovative culture within the Primark, the management has to engage qualified and experienced workforces on the board. The workers can help to build a positive change in the behavior and performance of other workers. The workers should be provided equal opportunities and chances of taking initiative should be given as it can help the organization to receive best and workable ideas. As a result, it could be useful in terms of productivity and minimization of wastage (Huhtala et al. 2013). Apart from that, the management of the company would develop innovative culture by collaborating with other groups or making alliance. It will help in the gaining new ideas and perspective that can deliver benefit to the workers and business. On the other hand, the performance of the employees needs to be measured. It will help in knowing the best and worst performing employees. Therefore, the employees that are showing low progress can be provided training that will help in the development of their skills and behavior (Carlstrm and Ekman, 2012). Furthermore, the recognition should be given to the workers that would help in gaining the input from the workers regarding developing cultural innovation. The workers can then be able to make the working environment a feasible place to work. Moreover, they will be sharing their experiences and knowledge in performing the tasks. Apart from that, in order to create innovative culture, the management should control on the employees productivity (Stensaker and Vab, 2013). Conclusion This particular assignment deals with the entire managerial performance of the organization. The basic four steps of the management discussed in a diversified manner in this particular assignment. The basic four managerial functions such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling elaborated in this assignment. To become successful managers these are the basic requirements of the organization that every manager needs to organize and follow in the management. If all the employees of the organization try to follow their way of working and communication there will be confusion in the entire organization. Depending upon the nature of the business, all the managers translate all the efforts of each in a common direction to achieve the common organizational goals and objectives. All the managers try to follow the same organizational procedure to achieve the common organization goals and objectives. Reference List Bhatia, R. (2011). Management principles of common surgical complications.Surgery (Oxford), 29(2), pp.67-69. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Brimson, J. (2011). Management process principles.J. Corp. Acct. Fin., 22(4), pp.83-96. Carlstrm, E. D., and Ekman, I. (2012). Organisational culture and change: implementing person-centred care.Journal of Health Organization and Management,26(2), 175-191. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011).The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Georgiev, V. (2012). Functions, Principles and Problems of the Security System.J Def Manag, 03(01). Goundrey-Smith, S. (2012).Principles of electronic prescribing. London: Springer. Green, T. J. (2012). TQM and organisational culture: How do they link?.Total Quality Management and Business Excellence,23(2), 141-157. Haimes, Y. (2012). Systems-Based Guiding Principles for Risk Modeling, Planning, Assessment, Management, and Communication.Risk Analysis, 32(9), pp.1451-1467. Heizer, J. and Render, B. (2011).Principles of operations management. Boston: Pearson Education. Huhtala, M., Feldt, T., Hyvnen, K., and Mauno, S. (2013). Ethical organisational culture as a context for managers personal work goals.Journal of business ethics,114(2), 265-282. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kubtov, J. (2012). INNOVATIVE MANAGERIAL PRINCIPLES FOR CURRENT KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY.ecoman, 17(1). Levitt, D. (2014). Ethical decision-making in a caring environment: The four principles and LEADS.Healthcare Management Forum, 27(2), pp.105-107. Masteralexis, L., Barr, C. and Hums, M. (2012).Principles and practice of sport management. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. McMenamin, E. (2011). Pain Management Principles.Current Problems in Cancer, 35(6), pp.317-324. Minikin, B. (2012). Sports management, principles and applications.European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), pp.309-312. Ogilvie, J. and Ogilvie, J. (2013).CLEP principles of management. Piscataway, N.J.: Research Education Association. Rejda, G. (2011).Principles of risk management and insurance. Boston: Prentice Hall. Stensaker, B., and Vab, A. (2013). Re inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership.Higher Education Quarterly,67(3), 256-274. Strydom, J. and Smith, M. (2011).Principles of business management. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. ZOTOS, A. (2011). PRESERVATION TIME AT 6 2C AND 8 2C OF TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERII) FILLETS SMOKED BY STEAMING WITH LIQUID SMOKE.Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 35(4), pp.533-541.

Reintegration of Women Combat Veterans

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essays

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essays The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is wrong. In Latin ’Con’ means with and ’science’ means knowledge. Therefore we should surely use our conscience when we are making decisions as we should be being told what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. This however doesn’t always seem to be the case. The problem with using your conscience is that it is not consistent. We can see this when claims have been made after someone made the wrong choice. For example at the time he was Prime minister Tony Blair took the choice to go to war with Iraq. It is widely regarded as being the wrong choice to have made and Tony Blair said in response that he was following his conscience. There are religious and secular (non-religious) views on the conscience. The religious views have been developed from biblical teaching and the divine command theory. However there is more than one interpretation about the conscience. Thomas Aquinas for example believed that people should follow their conscience totally as long as your principles are right because it is the voice of reason. On the other hand Butler argued the conscience comes form intuition. Thomas Aquinas thought that synderesis is the means of distinguishing between right and wrong. Synderesis was first used by Aristotle and is the ability of the mind to understand the first principles of moral reasoning. He noticed that people do chose the wrong choice and said that this was ‘conscientia’ which is the actual ethical judgement or decision a person makes. Aquinas said that it is important to apply your moral principles to each situation but you can still be wrong if you follow your conscience because your principles can be wrong so your conscience will be too. Conscience is reasoning used correctly to find out what God sees is good. Joseph Butler similarly to Aquinas believed that conscience could determine and judge the rightness or wrongness of different actions or thoughts. However Butler saw the conscience as being more authoritative that â€Å"magisterially exerts itself. † in such a way that it had the last say when it comes to moral decision making. Butler described a hierarchy of human nature in which the desire for food and other animal instincts are at the bottom and the conscience at the top. Self love and benevolence was above the drives and the ability to reflect was above that. Mistakes made by conscience were not seen as particularly bad to Butler as he believed that we would intuitively know what the right action to take is. However convincing yourself that a wrong action is right is more evil than the action which results from it. John Henry Newman also took Conscience from a view point and took an intuitionists approach to conscience. This meant that the mind is able to percieve abstract concepts of truths normally thought to beyond empirical evidence. He believed that we when we followed our conscience we were following some kind of divine law like a messenger from God. He believed that he could prove this when â€Å"we feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened at transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies there is One to whom we are responsible. Newman also believed that the more relativist (atheist) a person is the less of a conscience they will have as they do not follow a God (an absolute unchanging moral authority). He therefore saw that our conscience will continuously change in different circumstances not making it a reliable source to make a decision on. Augustine too believed that we should take it seriously and listen to our conscience because we are hearing the word of God. Therefore Newman, Augustine and Butler take a much less rationalist view upon conscience compared to Aquinas but as all four believe that God is involved with our Conscience it is important to use it when making moral-decisions, especially if we believe in God. Due to there being Secular views on the conscience the debate over nurture or nature has risen. This is questioning whether we get our morals and our conscience before we are born or whether we develop morality as we get older. With this argument there is also the belief that we have both. For example a Secularist could hold that we are born with our natural instincts that encourage us to do good because it will encourage our survival. This would be a Darwinian approach. The same person could then argue that we also develop our morals during life that allow us to fit into society and the rules and regulations that surround it. A religious person could say the same except that we would have been given a conscience before we were born by God. Sigmund Freud was a psychiatrist that took a secular view on the conscience. He studied the human mind and its effects on the body. He also saw that human personality like Butler could be put into a hierarchy. Both Freud and Butler put drives such as sexual drives at the bottom of the triangle. However Freud then put the ‘Id’ in the space above this which represents the part of a human that is amoral (has no morality). The Id contains our wishes and instincts. Then at the top of the triangle was the ‘Ego’ which is the conscious part of a human that shows on the outside. A smaller space is taken up at the top by the ‘super-ego’ which is the set of moral controls that are given to us by outside influences. Freud explains that the super ego is often in conflict with the Id therefore our conscience, which is a construct of the mind, is shaped and influenced by our experiences. Jean Piaget a psychiatrist saw that a child’s moral development grows and the ability to reason morally depends on cognitive development. He suggested two stages which were later developed by Kohlberg. Heteronymous (other law) which a child is from the age of five to ten. The conscience is still immature and punishment is expected if a rule is broken. Autonomous (self law) is the next stage when a child reaches the age of 10 and over. At this age the child understands how rules operate in and help society, they are less dependent on moral authority Piaget down quite extensive research experiments on children by asking in which of two stories told to them the child was the naughtiest. His results showed that younger children evaluated the actions by the size of the outcome whereas the older children evaluated the stories through the intentions of the child. It is said that Piagets definition of morality is narrow. One of the reasons for this is that is becomes overly rational and disregards the function of morality in promoting human fulfilment. Kohlberg extended the stages to six and believed that the individual would have to follow them in sequence. The most important moral development occurs through social interactions. Fromm on the other hand had two approaches and didn’t think there was stages in moral development but saw that all humans are influenced by external authorities like parents, teachers and church leaders. He thought that a guilty conscience is a result of displeasing these authorities. The example of the Nazi government in Germany in the 1930’s was very successful about manipulating the conscience’s of its people to encourage them not to help the Jews. But that was his authoritarian approach and he had a humanistic approach. This was that our conscience is our real self and leads us to realise our full potential using our experiences not slavish obedience. It appears the conscience should take a large role in how we make moral decisions. However for both Secular and Religious views on the conscience we have seen that mistakes can be made. These mistakes are the products of wrong principles or bad nurturing as a child growing up or manipulations and bad influences. Therefore conscience should take a big role in making moral decisions but one should also consider the fact that they may be wrong and should compare the choice they want to make to another to see if one is greater.

Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Dissertation

Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Health Nursing - Dissertation Example This research paper â€Å"Factors that Affect the Quality of Therapeutic Relationships in Mental Health Nursing† acknowledges the significance of developing quality relationship between a mental health patient and nurse so as to realize the desired outcome from the therapeutic relationship. Mental health nurses play a critical role in caring for people with mental illness hence the need for them to establish co-operation with such patients that would yield therapeutic solutions as guided by the nurses’ code of conduct. This nurse-patient relationship is referred to as therapeutic relationship. This study is founded on the importance of ensuring quality therapeutic relationship to achieve the desired outcome. As such, it aims at determining the factors, attributed to a service user, that influence the quality of therapeutic relationship in a mental health setting. This would be accomplished using an electronic search engine, Wiley Online Library, sourcing for articles pu blished between 2007 and 2012 in the UK setting to determine these factors. The findings would be categorised into three themes: service user’s interpersonal aspects, perception and expectations. Despite the limitation to one search engine and the geographical coverage of the candidate studies, the themes articulated in the study point out to the importance of effective communication among mental health nurses and guide on the attributes desired of such nurses. As the quality of therapeutic relationship determines the outcome posted.... ion on the themes 20 3.3 Limitation of the study 21 3.4 Implication and recommendation for future practice 22 References 23 Appendices 28 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction to therapeutic relationship in mental health nursing In the modern society, mental health has had a significant impact on health care provision. The mental disorders could be categorised as depression, psychotic illness and drug dependence (World Health Organisation 2008). It has been noted that mental illness affects the community, workmates, family and the individual as well. According to the World Health Organisation (2003), a third of the years that humans have lived with disabilities would be attributed to mental health disorders. In the UK, the prevalence of mental health nursing stands at one case in six people according to Dooher (2008). These figures indicate the importance associated with mental health in the society. Mental health nurses are charged with caring for people who have mental health ne eds both in the community and hospital setting. At times referred to as psychiatric nursing, mental health nursing is one of the branches in nursing that deals with caring for people who suffer from mental distress. According to Dooher, these nurses â€Å"help patients lead as ‘normal’ a life as possible, striving to enable the optimum potential of those they work with† (2008, p.1). There has been a shift in the mindset of nursing in mental health setting from the psychiatric point of view where the primary function involved executing the orders from the doctor and administering the prescribed treatment to an evidence-based care which is health oriented and practiced in diverse settings. This shift began in 1970 in the UK and 1960 in the US (Baker 2004; Horsfall et al. 2001). Therefore,

Professional Development - Career Profile (in Marketing) Assignment

Professional Development - Career Profile (in Marketing) - Assignment Example ternet marketing is one of the latest ongoing business industries that is proving itself to be highly profitable as compared to physical offices and manufacturing organisations. It has versatility in its work operations and constantly thrives for changes to be profitable and successful. The resources used are minimum and the main element required is knowledge and creative skills to implement ideas. One such organisation that I am highly interested in joining is Google Incorporation. I would like to start my professional career from one of the most successful multinational organisations that have made a good brand name in the internet marketing category. The mission statement of Google is to allow all the users on the internet to have the access of various kinds of information pertaining to any topic. The information should be available and readily accessible by all the users of the world (Google Jobs, 2013). Google has engineered its management styles by taking in top notch professionals that have a good command on their work. The leadership style followed at Google is mostly Laissez Fairre. The professionals hired at Google are professional in the field of technology and with a good amount of experience. Google hires the best ones who know their word and do not require any guidance to conduct their work procedures. This one of the factors of how organisations are successful. The organisational structure of Google consists of Board of Director, Senior Leadership members and Executive Officers. It is a short hierarchy and both the executive officers and Senior Leaders are accountable to the Board of Directors. In Laissez Fairre leadership style, the expert professionals are empowered with the tasks authority and this is how the employees work at Google (Google Company, 2013). Google has an open culture policy at its work place and it encourages the employees to give their valuable suggestions and opinions. On emails and sometimes in cafe, the Google audience

Literature review and best practices for STEMI care Essay

Literature review and best practices for STEMI care - Essay Example Lee (2009) suggested that physicians should initiate the catheterization laboratory without necessary consulting the cardiologists. In some cases, some patients that have been referred for PPCI do not get optimum percutaneous reperfusion and at the right time with an experienced group (Tubaro et al., 2011). PCI aims to open the artery as soon as possible after its blockade, preferably within 90minutes (Cardiosmart.org, 2014). The recommended time for the treatment of patients with PCI capability is a maximum of 90 minutes. For those without PCI capability, they should receive medical attention in the first 30minutes of arrival at a hospital. The treatment is basically fibrinolytic therapy. Paramedic bypass of the protocols of emergency care reduced the number of minutes of the door to balloon time. From the study, there was an improvement of over 28 % percent. Before the initiation of paramedic by pass protocol, the average time needed was about 107 minutes. These saw an improvement of about thirty-seven minutes with an average time coming down to 70 percent. However, the study recommends for further studies to determine the outcome of those patients who were taken care of by these paramedics (Cheskeset al, 2011). In the observation by Pitta et al (2010), it was noted that most of the time lost is on the acquisition of an electrocardiogram and most of the patients never had an electrocardiogram conducted on them because of the delays. Hence, from the case study, the authors emphasize on the need to have a Pre-hospital electro cardiogram to conduct to aid in reducing the door to balloon time. In the study conducted by Wilson et al, (2010) to assess the impact of interdepartmental collaboration on door to balloon time reduction, the authors observes that there is a great improvement on time reduction with emergency department physician activation of cardiac catheterization laboratory followed with instantaneous transfer in